ASP DOT NET

Build Your Own ASP.NET Website
Using C# & VB.NET
(Chapters 1, 2, 3 and 4)
Thank you for downloading the sample chapters of Zak
Ruvalcaba’s book, Build Your Own ASP.NET Website Using C# &
VB.NET, published by SitePoint.
This excerpt includes the Summary of Contents, Information
about the Author, Editors and SitePoint, Table of Contents,
Preface, 4 chapters of the book and the index.
We hope you find this information useful in evaluating this book.
For more information, visit sitepoint.com
Summary of Contents of this Excerpt
Preface ..........................................................................................xi
1. Introduction to .NET and ASP.NET ...................................... 1
2. ASP.NET Basics..................................................................... 31
3. VB.NET and C# Programming Basics .................................. 47
4. Web Forms and Web Controls ............................................. 85
Index......................................................................................... 721
Summary of Additional Book Contents
5. Validation Controls ............................................................. 131
6. Database Design and Development .................................... 161
7. Structured Query Language................................................. 197
8. ADO.NET ............................................................................ 243
9. The DataGrid and DataList Controls ................................. 305
10. DataSets............................................................................. 363
11. Web Applications .............................................................. 421
12. Building an ASP.NET Shopping Cart............................... 451
13. Error Handling................................................................... 497
14. Security and User Authentication..................................... 531
15. Working with Files and Email........................................... 559
16. Rich Controls and User Controls ...................................... 597
17. XML Web Services ............................................................ 645
A. HTML Control Reference ................................................... 683
B. Web Control Reference....................................................... 699
C. Validation Control Reference ............................................. 715
Build Your Own ASP.NET
Website Using C# & VB.NET
by Zak Ruvalcaba
Build Your Own ASP.NET Website Using C# & VB.NET
by Zak Ruvalcaba
Copyright © 2004 SitePoint Pty. Ltd.
Expert Reviewer: Kevin Yank Editor: Georgina Laidlaw
Technical Editor: Rich Deeson Managing Editor: Simon Mackie
Index Editor: Bill Johncocks Cover Design: Julian Carroll
Printing History:
First Edition: April 2004
Notice of Rights
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted
in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the
case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews.
Notice of Liability
The author and publisher have made every effort to ensure the accuracy of the information herein.
However, the information contained in this book is sold without warranty, either express or implied.
Neither the authors and SitePoint Pty. Ltd., nor its dealers or distributors will be held liable for any
damages to be caused either directly or indirectly by the instructions contained in this book, or by
the software or hardware products described herein.
Trademark Notice
Rather than indicating every occurrence of a trademarked name as such, this book uses the names
only in an editorial fashion and to the benefit of the trademark owner with no intention of infringement
of the trademark.
Published by SitePoint Pty. Ltd.
424 Smith Street Collingwood
VIC Australia 3066.
Web: www.sitepoint.com
Email: business@sitepoint.com
ISBN 0–9579218–6–1
Printed and bound in the United States of America
About The Author
Zak Ruvalcaba has been designing, developing and researching for the Web since 1995.
He holds a Bachelor’s Degree from San Diego State University and a Master of Science
in Instructional Technology from National University in San Diego.
In the course of his career, Zak has developed Web applications for such companies as
Gateway, HP, Toshiba, and IBM. More recently, he’s worked as a wireless software engineer
developing .NET solutions for Goldman Sachs, TV Guide, The Gartner Group, Microsoft
and Qualcomm. Currently, Zak holds a programming position with ADCS Inc. in San
Diego supporting internal .NET applications.
Previous books by Zak Ruvalcaba include The 10 Minute Guide to Dreamweaver 4 (Que
Publishing) and Dreamweaver MX Unleashed (Sams Publishing). He also lectures on various
technologies and tools including Dreamweaver and ASP.NET for the San Diego Community
College District.
About The Expert Reviewer
As Technical Director for SitePoint, Kevin Yank oversees all of its technical publications—
books, articles, newsletters and blogs. He has written over 50 articles for SitePoint
on technologies including PHP, XML, ASP.NET, Java, JavaScript and CSS, but is perhaps
best known for his book, Build Your Own Database Driven Website Using PHP & MySQL,
also from SitePoint.
Having graduated from McGill University in Montreal with a Bachelor of Computer Engineering,
Kevin now lives in Melbourne, Australia. In his spare time he enjoys flying light
aircraft and learning the fine art of improvised acting. Go you big red fire engine!
About The Technical Editor
Rich Deeson wrote his first programs at the age of 10 on his father’s work machine, a
380Z with 256k RAM. Since then, his career has taken him around Europe, and has
taught him the ins and outs of many languages, from C++ to Java, from QuickBasic (the
precursor to Visual Basic) to VB.NET, from Perl and CGI to JSP and ASP.NET. Currently,
he is lead JSP developer at ICTI in the UK, and most of his free time is taken up at University,
having returned to study last year.
About SitePoint
SitePoint specializes in publishing fun, practical and easy-to-understand content for Web
Professionals. Visit http://www.sitepoint.com/ to access our books, newsletters, articles
and community forums.
For my wife Jessica.
ii
Table of Contents
Preface ..................................................................................................... xi
Who Should Read This Book? ............................................................ xii
What’s Covered In This Book? ........................................................... xii
The Book’s Website ............................................................................ xv
The Code Archive ....................................................................... xv
Updates and Errata .................................................................... xvi
The SitePoint Forums ........................................................................ xvi
The SitePoint Newsletters .................................................................. xvi
Your Feedback ................................................................................... xvi
Acknowledgements ........................................................................... xvii
1. Introduction to .NET and ASP.NET ......................................................... 1
What is .NET? ..................................................................................... 1
What is ASP.NET? .............................................................................. 2
What Do I Need? ................................................................................ 5
Installing the Required Software ........................................................... 5
Installing Internet Information Services (IIS) ................................ 6
Installing Internet Explorer .......................................................... 7
Installing the .NET Framework and SDK ..................................... 8
Configuring IIS ............................................................................ 9
Installing Microsoft Access ......................................................... 18
Installing SQL Server Desktop Engine (MSDE) .......................... 19
Installing and Configuring Web Data Administrator ................... 22
Your First ASP.NET Page ................................................................... 23
The ASP.NET Support Site ................................................................ 29
Summary ........................................................................................... 29
2. ASP.NET Basics .................................................................................... 31
ASP.NET Page Structure .................................................................... 32
Directives .................................................................................. 33
Code Declaration Blocks ............................................................ 34
Code Render Blocks ................................................................... 36
ASP.NET Server Controls .......................................................... 37
Server-Side Comments ............................................................... 38
Server-Side Include Directives .................................................... 39
Literal Text and HTML Tags ...................................................... 39
View State ......................................................................................... 40
Working With Directives ................................................................... 43
ASP.NET Languages .......................................................................... 44
VB.NET .................................................................................... 44
C# ............................................................................................. 45
Summary .......................................................................................... 45
3. VB.NET and C# Programming Basics ..................................................... 47
Programming Basics ........................................................................... 47
Control Events and Subroutines ................................................. 48
Page Events ............................................................................... 52
Variables and Variable Declaration ............................................. 54
Arrays ........................................................................................ 57
Functions ................................................................................... 59
Operators ................................................................................... 63
Conditional Logic ...................................................................... 65
Loops ........................................................................................ 66
Understanding Namespaces ............................................................... 70
Object Oriented Programming Concepts ............................................ 72
Objects ...................................................................................... 73
Properties .................................................................................. 74
Methods .................................................................................... 75
Classes ....................................................................................... 76
Scope ......................................................................................... 78
Events ........................................................................................ 78
Understanding Inheritance ......................................................... 79
Separating Code From Content With Code-Behind ............................ 79
Summary ........................................................................................... 84
4. Web Forms and Web Controls .............................................................. 85
Working with HTML Controls ........................................................... 86
HtmlAnchor .............................................................................. 87
HtmlButton ............................................................................... 88
HtmlForm ................................................................................. 88
HtmlImage ................................................................................ 89
HtmlGenericControl .................................................................. 89
HtmlInputButton ...................................................................... 90
HtmlInputCheckBox .................................................................. 90
HtmlInputFile ............................................................................ 91
HtmlInputHidden ...................................................................... 91
HtmlInputImage ........................................................................ 91
HtmlInputRadioButton .............................................................. 92
HtmlInputText .......................................................................... 92
HtmlSelect ................................................................................. 92
HtmlTable, HtmlTableRow and HtmlTableCell .......................... 93
HtmlTextArea ............................................................................ 94
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Build Your Own ASP.NET Website Using C# & VB.NET
Processing a Simple Form ................................................................... 94
Introduction to Web Forms ................................................................ 97
Introduction to Web Controls ............................................................ 98
Basic Web Controls ................................................................. 100
Handling Page Navigation ................................................................ 107
Using The HyperLink Control .................................................. 108
Navigation Objects And Their Methods .................................... 108
Postback .......................................................................................... 112
Formatting Controls with CSS ......................................................... 114
Types of Styles and Style Sheets .............................................. 115
Style Properties ........................................................................ 117
The CssClass Property ............................................................. 118
A Navigation Menu and Web Form for the Intranet Application ....... 119
Introducing the Dorknozzle Intranet Application ..................... 119
Building the Navigation Menu ................................................. 120
Create the Corporate Style Sheet ............................................. 124
Design the Web Form for the Helpdesk Application ................. 127
Summary ......................................................................................... 129
5. Validation Controls ............................................................................ 131
Client-Side vs. Server-Side Validation ............................................... 131
Configuring Client-Side Validation ................................................... 133
Using Validation Controls ................................................................ 135
RequiredFieldValidator ............................................................ 135
CompareValidator .................................................................... 139
RangeValidator ........................................................................ 145
ValidationSummary ................................................................. 149
RegularExpressionValidator ...................................................... 153
CustomValidator ..................................................................... 157
Summary ......................................................................................... 159
6. Database Design and Development .................................................... 161
An Introduction to Databases ........................................................... 161
The Database Management System .................................................. 163
Creating the Database for the Intranet Application ................... 164
Designing Tables for the Intranet Application ........................... 166
Columns and Data Types ......................................................... 169
Inserting Rows ......................................................................... 178
Beyond the Basics ............................................................................ 182
Keys ........................................................................................ 182
Relationship Management ........................................................ 185
Stored Procedures .................................................................... 194
v Order the print version of this book to get all 700+ pages!
Queries .................................................................................... 195
Security ................................................................................... 195
Summary ......................................................................................... 196
7. Structured Query Language ................................................................ 197
Basic SQL ........................................................................................ 198
Working with the Query Editor in Access ................................. 199
Working with the Query Editor in Web Data Administrator ..... 203
The SELECT Query ................................................................. 204
The INSERT Statement ........................................................... 214
The UPDATE Statement ......................................................... 217
The DELETE Statement .......................................................... 220
Other Clauses .................................................................................. 220
The ORDER BY Clause ............................................................ 220
The GROUP BY and HAVING Clauses .................................... 222
Expressions ...................................................................................... 222
Operators ......................................................................................... 224
Functions ......................................................................................... 226
Date and Time Functions ......................................................... 227
Aggregate Functions ................................................................. 229
Arithmetic Functions ............................................................... 233
String Functions ...................................................................... 235
Joins ................................................................................................ 236
INNER JOIN ........................................................................... 236
OUTER JOIN .......................................................................... 238
Subqueries ....................................................................................... 240
The IN Operator ...................................................................... 240
The Embedded SELECT Statement .......................................... 241
Summary ......................................................................................... 241
8. ADO.NET ........................................................................................... 243
An Introduction to ADO.NET .......................................................... 244
Performing Common Database Queries ............................................ 253
Responding to User Interaction ................................................ 254
Using Parameters with Queries ................................................. 257
Using the Repeater Control ...................................................... 260
Data Binding ........................................................................... 272
Inserting Records ............................................................................. 275
Updating Records ............................................................................ 279
Deleting Records .............................................................................. 288
Handling Updates with Postback ...................................................... 292
Working with Transactions .............................................................. 295
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Build Your Own ASP.NET Website Using C# & VB.NET
Improving Performance with Stored Procedures ................................ 298
Summary ......................................................................................... 303
9. The DataGrid and DataList Controls ................................................... 305
Working with DataGrids .................................................................. 306
Customizing DataGrids ............................................................ 311
Creating a Master/Detail Form with the HyperLinkColumn ...... 316
Event Bubbling ........................................................................ 323
Working with the EditCommandColumn ................................. 325
Using Templates ...................................................................... 333
Adding ButtonColumns to Delete Rows within a DataGrid ....... 336
Using the DataList Control .............................................................. 339
Customizing DataLists Using Styles ......................................... 344
Editing Items within a DataList ................................................ 346
Creating a Navigation Menu using DataLists ............................ 354
Summary ......................................................................................... 361
10. DataSets .......................................................................................... 363
Understanding DataSets .................................................................. 364
DataSet Elements .................................................................... 367
Binding DataSets to Controls ................................................... 368
Creating a DataGrid that Pages ................................................ 376
Understanding DataTables ............................................................... 379
Creating DataTables Programmatically ..................................... 380
Creating DataColumns Programmatically ................................. 385
Creating DataRows Programmatically ....................................... 387
Setting DataTable Properties Programmatically ........................ 390
Setting DataColumn Properties Programmatically .................... 393
Adding DataColumn Values ..................................................... 398
Defining DataRelations Between DataTables ............................ 402
Understanding DataViews ............................................................... 407
Filtering DataViews ................................................................. 408
Sorting Columns in a DataGrid ................................................ 410
Updating a Database from a Modified DataSet ................................. 414
Summary ......................................................................................... 420
11. Web Applications ............................................................................. 421
Overview of ASP.NET Applications .................................................. 422
Using Application State ................................................................... 423
Working With the Global.asax File ........................................... 428
Using the Web.config File ................................................................ 433
Caching ASP.NET Applications ........................................................ 437
Using Page Output Caching ..................................................... 438
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Using Page Data Caching ......................................................... 442
Working with User Sessions ............................................................. 446
Summary ......................................................................................... 449
12. Building an ASP.NET Shopping Cart .................................................. 451
What Is a Shopping Cart? ................................................................ 451
The Intranet Shopping Cart ............................................................. 452
Defining the Cart Framework ................................................... 455
Building the Employee Store Interface ..................................... 459
Showing Items and Creating the Cart Structure ........................ 465
Adding to the Cart ................................................................... 470
Keeping the Order Total .......................................................... 476
Modifying Cart Quantities ....................................................... 478
Removing Items from the Cart ................................................. 484
Processing Orders Using PayPal ........................................................ 486
Creating a PayPal Account ....................................................... 486
Integrating the Shopping Cart with your PayPal Account .......... 487
Summary ......................................................................................... 496
13. Error Handling ................................................................................. 497
Introduction to Error Handling ........................................................ 497
Types of Errors ........................................................................ 498
Viewing Error Information ....................................................... 503
Handling Errors ....................................................................... 506
Using the .NET Debugger ................................................................ 522
Attaching a Process to the Debugger ......................................... 523
Creating Breakpoints and Stepping Through Code ................... 525
Creating Watches .................................................................... 529
Summary ......................................................................................... 530
14. Security and User Authentication ..................................................... 531
Securing ASP.NET Applications ....................................................... 531
Working with Forms Authentication ................................................ 532
Configuring Forms Authentication ........................................... 537
Configuring Forms Authorization ............................................. 538
Web.config File Authentication ................................................ 540
Database Authentication .......................................................... 542
Custom Error Messages ............................................................ 548
Logging Users Out ................................................................... 550
Building Your Own Authentication Ticket ........................................ 551
Summary ......................................................................................... 557
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Build Your Own ASP.NET Website Using C# & VB.NET
15. Working with Files and Email ........................................................... 559
Writing to Text Files ........................................................................ 560
Reading from Text Files ................................................................... 565
Accessing Directories and Directory Information .............................. 568
Working with Directory and File Paths ............................................. 573
Uploading Files ................................................................................ 576
Sending Email in ASP.NET .............................................................. 579
Configuring IIS to Send Email .................................................. 580
Creating the Company Newsletter Page .................................... 582
Serialization ..................................................................................... 588
Summary ......................................................................................... 595
16. Rich Controls and User Controls ....................................................... 597
Introduction to Rich Controls .......................................................... 597
An Introduction to XML and XSLT .......................................... 598
Simplifying it All with the Xml Control .................................... 603
The AdRotator Control ............................................................ 609
The Calendar Control .............................................................. 611
Introduction to User Controls .......................................................... 625
Globalizing Content with User Controls ................................... 626
Exposing Properties and Methods in User Controls ................... 630
Loading User Controls Programmatically .......................................... 636
Summary ......................................................................................... 643
17. XML Web Services ........................................................................... 645
Introduction to XML Web Services .................................................. 646
Understanding Web Service Standards ..................................... 649
A Simple Calculator Web Service ............................................. 653
Consuming the Calculator Web Service .................................... 658
Using WSDL to Consume Third-Party Web Services ........................ 663
Finding the Service and Creating the Assembly ......................... 664
Registering to Use the Google Search Service ............................ 665
Consuming the Google Search Service ...................................... 667
Web Service and Database Interaction ............................................. 676
Consuming the Company Events Service .................................. 679
Summary ......................................................................................... 681
A. HTML Control Reference ................................................................... 683
HtmlAnchor Control ........................................................................ 683
HtmlButton Control ........................................................................ 684
HtmlForm Control ........................................................................... 685
HtmlGeneric Control ....................................................................... 685
HtmlImage Control .......................................................................... 686
ix Order the print version of this book to get all 700+ pages!
HtmlInputButton Control ................................................................ 687
HtmlInputCheckBox Control ........................................................... 688
HtmlInputFile Control ..................................................................... 688
HtmlInputHidden Control ............................................................... 689
HtmlInputImage Control ................................................................. 690
HtmlInputRadioButton Control ....................................................... 691
HtmlInputText Control ................................................................... 692
HtmlSelect Control .......................................................................... 693
HtmlTable Control .......................................................................... 694
HtmlTableCell Control .................................................................... 695
HtmlTableRow Control .................................................................... 696
HtmlTextArea Control ..................................................................... 697
B. Web Control Reference ...................................................................... 699
AdRotator Control ........................................................................... 701
Button Control ................................................................................ 701
Calendar Control ............................................................................. 702
CheckBox Control ............................................................................ 704
CheckBoxList Control ...................................................................... 704
DropDownList Control .................................................................... 705
HyperLink Control .......................................................................... 706
Image Control .................................................................................. 707
ImageButton Control ....................................................................... 707
Label Control ................................................................................... 708
LinkButton Control ......................................................................... 708
ListBox Control ............................................................................... 709
Literal Control ................................................................................. 710
Panel Control ................................................................................... 710
PlaceHolder Control ........................................................................ 710
RadioButton Control ....................................................................... 710
RadioButtonList Control .................................................................. 711
TextBox Control .............................................................................. 712
Xml Control ..................................................................................... 713
C. Validation Control Reference ............................................................. 715
The RequiredFieldValidator Control ................................................. 715
The CompareValidator Control ........................................................ 716
The RangeValidator Control ............................................................ 717
The ValidationSummary Control ..................................................... 718
The RegularExpressionValidator Control .......................................... 719
The CustomValidator Control .......................................................... 719
Index ....................................................................................................... 721
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Build Your Own ASP.NET Website Using C# & VB.NET
Preface
Here I am, seven years after the inception of ASP, still using a technology that I
initially only glanced over as I searched for a server-side alternative to ColdFusion.
It was 1997, a big year for me. I graduated college, landed a job as a creative
director, and decided it was time to build on my experience with HTML and
JavaScript. I didn’t consider myself a programmer—my true passions lay in
design—but within months of starting my new job, I was developing the firm’s
Website, Intranet, and company portal. The dynamic portions of these projects
were developed using CGI written in Perl. As you might expect, I was lost! After
looking around, I decided ColdFusion was my best bet—the language seemed to
parallel closely the constructs of HTML, and I found it easy to pick up. However,
I soon discovered that ColdFusion’s limitations in terms of accessing a server’s
file system, and error handling, posed problems.
ASP and VBScript seemed like the best alternative. I’d taken basic programming
classes in college, and I guess they helped, because these two technologies came
easily to me. Shortly thereafter, I went back to school and got into Visual Basic,
COM, DCOM, and more. A whole new world was opening up to me through
simplicity offered by ASP.
Seven years, and countless Windows, Web, and wireless applications later, I still
swear by the next generation of a technology that I’ve always considered superior
to the major alternatives. ASP.NET represents a new and efficient way of creating
Web applications using the programming language with which you feel most
comfortable. Though it can take some time to learn, ASP.NET is simple to use.
Whether you want to create Web Forms complete with Web and validation
controls, or you aim to build a feature-rich shopping cart using DataTables, all
the tools you’ll need to get up and running are immediately available, easy to
install, and require very little initial configuration.
My guess is that if you’re reading this book, you’re in the same boat I was: a
longtime designer dabbling with HTML. Or maybe you’re an advanced HTML
and JavaScript developer looking to take the next step. Perhaps you’re a seasoned
PHP, JSP, or ColdFusion veteran who wants to know what all the fuss is about.
Whatever the case, I’m sure you’ll find this book helpful in showing you how
simple and feature-rich ASP.NET really is.
Who Should Read This Book?
This book is aimed at beginner, intermediate, and advanced Web designers
looking to make the leap into server-side programming with ASP.NET. You’ll be
expected to feel comfortable with HTML, as very little explanation is provided
here.
By the end of this book, you should have a firm grasp on what it takes to download
and install ASP.NET and the .NET Framework, configure and start your
Web server, create and work with basic ASP.NET pages, install and run either
Access or MSDE, create database tables, work with advanced, dynamic ASP.NET
pages that query, insert, update, and delete information within a database.
All examples provided in the book are written in both Visual Basic .NET and
C#, the two most popular languages for writing ASP.NET Websites. They start
at beginners’ level and work up. As such, no prior knowledge of the two languages
is required in order to read, learn from, and apply the knowledge provided in this
book. Experience with other programming or scripting languages (such as JavaScript)
will certainly grease the wheels, however, and will enable you to grasp the
fundamental programming concepts more quickly.
What’s Covered In This Book?
This book is comprised of the following seventeen chapters. Read them from
beginning to end to gain a complete understanding of the subject, or skip around
if you feel you need a refresher on a particular topic.
Chapter 1: Introduction to .NET and ASP.NET
Before you can start building your database-driven Web presence, you must
ensure you have the right tools for the job. In this first chapter, I’ll tell you
how to find, download, and configure the .NET Framework. I’ll explain where
the Web server is located and how to install and configure it. Next, we’ll walk
through the installation of two Microsoft database solutions: Access and
MSDE. Finally, we’ll create a simple ASP.NET page to make sure that
everything’s running and properly configured.
Chapter 2: ASP.NET Basics
In this chapter, you’ll create your first useful ASP.NET page. We’ll cover all
of the parts that make up a typical ASP.NET page, including directives,
controls, and code. We’ll then walk through the process of deployment, fo-
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Preface
cusing specifically on allowing the user to view the processing of a simple
ASP.NET page through the Web browser.
Chapter 3: VB.NET and C# Programming Basics
In this chapter, we’ll look at two of the programming languages used to create
ASP.NET pages: VB.NET and C#. You’ll learn about the syntax of the two
languages as we explore the concepts of variables, data types, conditionals,
loops, arrays, functions, and more. Finally, we’ll see how the two languages
accommodate Object Oriented Programming principles by allowing you to
work with classes, methods, properties, inheritance, and more.
Chapter 4: Web Forms and Web Controls
ASP.NET is bundled with hundreds of controls that you can use within your
applications, including HTML controls, Web controls, and more. This chapter
will introduce you to the wonderful world of Web controls and how Microsoft
basically reinvented HTML forms.
Chapter 5: Validation Controls
This chapter introduces validation controls. With validation controls, Microsoft
basically eliminated the heartache of fumbling through and configuring
tired, reused client-side validation scripts.
Chapter 6: Database Design and Development
Undoubtedly one of the most important chapters in the book, Chapter 6 will
help you prepare to work with databases in ASP.NET. We’ll cover the essentials
you’ll need in order to create a database using either Access or MSDE.
In this chapter, we’ll begin to build the database for our project.
Chapter 7: Structured Query Language
This chapter introduces the language we’ll use to facilitate communications
between the database and the Web application: Structured Query Language,
or SQL. After a gentle introduction to the basic concepts of SQL, we’ll move
on to more advanced topics such as expressions, conditions, and joins.
Chapter 8: ADO.NET
The next logical step in database driven Web applications involves ADO.NET.
This chapter explores the essentials of the technology, and will have you
reading data in a database directly from your Web applications in just a few
short steps. We’ll then help you begin the transition from working with
static applications to database-driven ones.
xiii Order the print version of this book to get all 700+ pages!
What’s Covered In This Book?
Chapter 9: The DataGrid and DataList Controls
Taking ADO.NET further, this chapter shows you how to utilize the DataGrid
and DataList controls provided within the .NET Framework. DataGrid and
DataList play a crucial role in the simplicity of presenting information with
ASP.NET. In learning how to present database data within your applications
in a cleaner and more legible format, you’ll gain an understanding of the
concept of data binding at a much higher level.
Chapter 10: DataSets
One of the most challenging concepts to grasp when transitioning from ASP
to ASP.NET is that of disconnected data. In this chapter, you’ll learn how
to use DataSets to create virtual database tables within your Web applications.
You’ll also learn how to work with DataTables, and how to filter and sort
information within DataSets and DataTables using DataViews.
Chapter 11: Web Applications
Chapter 11 explores the features of a Web application. We’ll discuss the
many parts of the Web.config file in depth, and understand how to work
with the Global.asax file, application state, and session state. Finally, we’ll
look at the ways in which caching can improve the performance of your Web
applications.
Chapter 12: Building an ASP.NET Shopping Cart
In this chapter, we’ll create an ASP.NET shopping cart. Using the topics
we’ve explored in previous chapters, including DataTables and session state,
we’ll walk through the process of building a purely memory-resident shopping
cart for our project.
Chapter 13: Error Handling
Learning to handle gracefully unforeseen errors within your Web applications
is the topic of this chapter. Initially, we’ll discuss basic page and code techniques
you can use to handle errors. We’ll then talk about the debugger that’s
included with the .NET Framework SDK and understand how to leverage it
by setting breakpoints, reading the autos and locals window, and setting
watches. Finally, we’ll discuss how you can take advantage of the Event
Viewer to write errors as they occur within your applications.
Chapter 14: Security and User Authentication
This chapter will introduce you to securing your Web applications with
ASP.NET. Here, we’ll discuss the various security models available, including
IIS, Forms, Windows, and Passport, and discusses the roles the Web.config
and XML files can play.
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Preface
Chapter 15: Working with Files and Email
In this chapter, we’ll look at accessing your server’s file system, including
drives, files, and the network. The chapter will then show you how to work
with file streams to create text files, write to text files, and read from text
files on your Web server. Finally, you’ll learn how to send emails using
ASP.NET.
Chapter 16: Rich Controls and User Controls
Chapter 16 explores ASP.NET’s rich controls. You’ll learn how to create an
interactive meeting scheduler using the Calendar control, sessions, and serialization.
You’ll also learn how to format XML with XSLT utilizing the Xml
control. Lastly, we’ll look at randomizing banner advertisements on your site
using the AdRotator control.
Chapter 17: XML Web Services
The newest buzzword in the development community is “Web Services,”
and this chapter hopes to shed some light on the topic. We first define Web
Services before moving on to explain how they’re used, where they can be
found, and what WSDL and UDDI are. In this chapter, you’ll create a couple
of different Web Services from scratch, including one that queries your
database to present information within a Web application. You’ll also learn
how to build a search application using the Google Search Web Service.
The Book’s Website
Located at http://www.sitepoint.com/books/aspnet1/, the Website that supports
this book will give you access to the following facilities:
The Code Archive
As you progress through this book, you’ll note a number of references to the code
archive. This is a downloadable ZIP archive that contains complete code for all
the examples presented in the book.
The archive contains one folder for each chapter of the book. Each of these folders
in turn contains CS and VB subfolders, which contain the C# and VB.NET versions
of all the examples for that chapter, respectively. In later chapters, these files are
further divided into two more subfolders: Lessons for standalone examples
presented for a single chapter, and Project for files associated with the
Dorknozzle Intranet Application, a larger-scale project that we’ll work on
throughout the book, which I’ll introduce in Chapter 4.
xv Order the print version of this book to get all 700+ pages!
The Book’s Website
Updates and Errata
No book is perfect, and we expect that watchful readers will be able to spot at
least one or two mistakes before the end of this one. The Errata page on the
book’s Website will always have the latest information about known typographical
and code errors, and necessary updates for new releases of ASP.NET and the
various Web standards that apply.
The SitePoint Forums
If you’d like to communicate with me or anyone else on the SitePoint publishing
team about this book, you should join SitePoint’s online community[2]. The
.NET forum[3] in particular can offer an abundance of information above and
beyond the solutions in this book.
In fact, you should join that community even if you don’t want to talk to us, because
there are a lot of fun and experienced Web designers and developers hanging
out there. It’s a good way to learn new stuff, get questions answered in a hurry,
and just have fun.
The SitePoint Newsletters
In addition to books like this one, SitePoint publishes free email newsletters including
The SitePoint Tribune and The SitePoint Tech Times. In them, you’ll read
about the latest news, product releases, trends, tips, and techniques for all aspects
of Web development. If nothing else, you’ll get useful ASP.NET articles and tips,
but if you’re interested in learning other technologies, you’ll find them especially
valuable. Sign up to one or more SitePoint newsletters at
http://www.sitepoint.com/newsletter/.
Your Feedback
If you can’t find your answer through the forums, or if you wish to contact us
for any other reason, the best place to write is . We have
a well-manned email support system set up to track your inquiries, and if our
support staff members are unable to answer your question, they will send it
[2] http://www.sitepoint.com/forums/
[3] http://www.sitepoint.com/forums/forumdisplay.php?f=141
Order the print version of this book to get all 700+ pages! xvi
Preface
straight to me. Suggestions for improvements as well as notices of any mistakes
you may find are especially welcome.
Acknowledgements
First and foremost, I’d like to thank the SitePoint team for doing such a great
job in making this book possible, for being understanding as deadlines inevitably
slipped past, and for the team’s personal touch, which made it a pleasure to work
on this project.
Particular thanks go to Simon Mackie, whose valuable insight and close cooperation
throughout the process has tied up many loose ends and helped make this
book both readable and accessible. Thanks again Simon for allowing me to write
this book—I appreciate the patience and dedication that you’ve shown.
Finally, returning home, I’d like to thank my wife Jessica, whose patience, love
and understanding throughout continue to amaze me.
xvii Order the print version of this book to get all 700+ pages!
Acknowledgements
xviii
Introduction to .NET and
ASP.NET 1
It’s being touted as the “next big thing.” Microsoft has invested millions in marketing,
advertising, and development to produce what it feels is the foundation
of the future Internet. It’s a corporate initiative, the strategy of which was deemed
so important, that Bill Gates himself, Microsoft Chairman and CEO, decided to
oversee personally its development. It is a technology that Microsoft claims will
reinvent the way companies carry out business globally for years to come. In his
opening speech at the Professional Developers’ Conference (PDC) held in Orlando
Florida in July of 2000, Gates stated that a transition of this magnitude only
comes around once every five to six years. What is this show-stopping technology?
It’s .NET.
What is .NET?
.NET is the result of a complete make-over of Microsoft’s software development
products, and forms part of the company’s new strategy for delivering software
as a service. The key features that .NET offers include:

.NET Platform: The .NET platform includes the .NET Framework and tools
to build and operate services, clients, and so on. ASP.NET, the focus of this
book, is a part of the .NET Framework.

.NET Products: .NET products currently include MSN.NET, Office.NET,
Visual Studio.NET, and Windows Server 2003, originally known as Windows
.NET Server. This suite of extensively revised systems provides developers
with a friendly, usable environment in which they may create applications
with a range of programming languages including C++. NET, Visual Basic.
NET, ASP.NET, and C#. Because all these products are built on top of
.NET, they all share key components, and underneath their basic syntaxes
you’ll find they have much in common.

.NET My Services: An initiative formerly known as "Hailstorm", .NET My
Services is a set of XML Web Services1 currently being provided by a host of
partners, developers, and organizations that are hoping to build corporate
services and applications for devices and applications, as well as the Internet.
The collection of My Services currently extends to passport, messenger, contacts,
email, calendars, profiles, lists, wallets, location, document stores, application
settings, favorite Websites, devices owned, and preferences for receiving
alerts.
The book focuses on one of the core components within the .NET Framework:
ASP.NET.
What is ASP.NET?
For years now, Active Server Pages (ASP) has been arguably the leading choice
for Web developers building dynamic Websites on Windows Web servers. ASP
has gained popularity by offering the simplicity of flexible scripting via several
languages. That, combined with the fact that it’s built into every Microsoft
Windows-based Web server, has made ASP a difficult act to follow.
Early in 2002, Microsoft released its new technology for Internet development.
Originally called ASP+, it was finally released as ASP.NET, and represents a leap
forward from ASP both in sophistication and productivity for the developer. It
continues to offer flexibility in terms of the languages it supports, but instead of
a range of simple scripting languages, developers can now choose between several
fully-fledged programming languages. Development in ASP.NET requires not
only an understanding of HTML and Web design, but also a firm grasp of the
concepts of object-oriented programming and development.
In the next few sections, I’ll introduce you to the basics of ASP.NET. I’ll walk
you through installing it on your Web server, and take you through a simple
1Don’t worry if you don’t yet know what a Web Service is. I’ll explain all about them in Chapter 17.
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Chapter 1: Introduction to .NET and ASP.NET
dynamic example that demonstrates how ASP.NET pages are constructed. First,
let’s define what ASP.NET actually is.
ASP.NET is a server-side technology for developing Web applications based
on the Microsoft .NET Framework. Let’s break that jargon-filled sentence
down.
ASP.NET is server-side; that is, it runs on the Web server. Most Web designers
start by learning client-side technologies like HTML, JavaScript, and Cascading
Style Sheets (CSS). When a Web browser requests a Web page created with clientside
technologies, the Web server simply grabs the files that the browser (the
client) requests and sends them down the line. The client is entirely responsible
for reading the code in the files and interpreting it to display the page on the
screen. Server-side technologies, like ASP.NET, are different. Instead of being
interpreted by the client, server-side code (for example, the code in an ASP.NET
page) is interpreted by the Web server. In the case of ASP.NET, the code in the
page is read by the server and used dynamically to generate standard
HTML/JavaScript/CSS that is then sent to the browser. As all processing of
ASP.NET code occurs on the server, it’s called a server-side technology. As Figure
1.1 shows, the user (client) only sees the HTML, JavaScript, and CSS within
the browser. The server (and server-side technology) is entirely responsible for
processing the dynamic portions of the page.
Figure 1.1. The Web server is responsible for processing the
server-side code and presenting the output to the user (client).
ASP.NET is a technology for developing Web applications. A Web application
is just a fancy name for a dynamic Website. Web applications usually (but not
always) store information in a database on the Web server, and allow visitors to
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What is ASP.NET?
the site to access and change that information. Many different programming
technologies and supported languages have been developed to create Web applications;
PHP, JSP (using Java), CGI (using Perl), and ColdFusion (using CFML)
are just a few of the more popular ones. Rather than tying you to a specific
technology and language, however, ASP.NET lets you write Web applications
using a variety of familiar programming languages.
Finally, ASP.NET is based on the Microsoft .NET Framework. The .NET
Framework collects all the technologies needed for building Windows applications,
Web applications, and Web Services into a single package with a set of more
than twenty programming languages. To develop Websites with ASP.NET, you’ll
need to download the .NET Framework Software Development Kit, which I’ll
guide you through in the next few sections.
Even with all the jargon demystified, you’re probably still wondering: what makes
ASP.NET so good? Compared with other options for building Web applications,
ASP.NET has the following advantages:

ASP.NET lets you use your favorite programming language, or at least one
that’s really close to it. The .NET Framework currently supports over twenty
languages, four of which may be used to build ASP.NET Websites.

ASP.NET pages are compiled, not interpreted. Instead of reading and interpreting
your code every time a dynamic page is requested, ASP.NET compiles
dynamic pages into efficient binary files that the server can execute very
quickly. This represents a big jump in performance when compared with the
technology’s interpreted predecessor, ASP.

ASP.NET has full access to the functionality of the .NET Framework. Support
for XML, Web Services, database interaction, email, regular expressions, and
many other technologies are built right into .NET, which saves you from
having to reinvent the wheel.

ASP.NET allows you to separate the server-side code in your pages from the
HTML layout. When you’re working with a team composed of programmers
and design specialists, this separation is a great help, as it lets programmers
modify the server-side code without stepping on the designers’ carefully crafted
HTML—and vice versa.
With all these advantages, ASP.NET has relatively few downsides. In fact, only
two come to mind:
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Chapter 1: Introduction to .NET and ASP.NET

ASP.NET is a Microsoft technology. While this isn’t a problem in itself, it
does mean that, at least for now, you need to use a Windows server to run
an ASP.NET Website. If your organization uses Linux or some other operating
system for its Web servers, you’re out of luck.

Serious ASP.NET development requires an understanding of object-oriented
programming, which we’ll cover over the next few chapters.
Still with me? Great! It’s time to gather the tools and start building!
What Do I Need?
For the moment, if you’re going to learn ASP.NET, you’ll need a Windows-based
Web server. Open source initiatives are underway to produce versions of ASP.NET
that will run on other operating systems, such as Linux; however, these are not
expected to be available in stable form for a while.
While developers had the option of getting their feet wet with ASP on Windows
95, 98, or ME, using a scaled-down version of IIS called a Personal Web Server
(PWS), ASP.NET requires the real deal. As a bare minimum, you’ll need a computer
equipped with Windows 2000 Professional before you can get started.
Windows XP Professional will work fine too, as will any of the Windows 2000
Server packages and Windows 2003 Server.
Other than that, all you need is enough disk space to install the Web server Internet
Information Services (18 MB), the .NET Framework SDK (which includes
ASP.NET; 108 MB), and a text editor. Notepad or Web Matrix[1] will
be fine for getting started, and are certainly all you’ll need for this book. However,
if you get serious about ASP.NET, you’ll probably want to invest in a development
environment like Visual Studio .NET[2].
Installing the Required Software
This section tackles the necessary installation and configuration of software that
you’ll need for this book, including:

Internet Information Services (IIS): IIS is the Web server we will use. You’ll
need your copy of the Windows CD for the installation and configuration.
[1] http://www.asp.net/webmatrix/
[2] http://msdn.microsoft.com/vstudio/
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What Do I Need?

A Modern Web Browser: You can use any modern, standards-compliant
browser to test your work. Throughout this book, we’ll be using Internet Explorer
6.

The .NET Framework Redistributable: As you’ve already learned in this
chapter, the .NET Framework is what drives ASP.NET. Installing the .NET
Framework installs the necessary files to run ASP.NET.

The .NET Framework SDK: The .NET Framework Software Development
Kit (SDK) contains necessary Web application development tools, a debugger
for error correcting, a development database engine in MSDE, and a suite of
samples and documentation.
We’re also going to need a database. In this book, we’ll use:

Microsoft Access: Access is a cheap and easy-to-use alternative to its more
robust big brother, SQL Server, and can be purchased separately, or installed
from a Microsoft Office CD.
Or alternatively, you might use:

Microsoft SQL Server Desktop Engine (MSDE): SQL Server is the enterprise
alternative to smaller databases such as Access. If you’re working within
a corporation where your company’s data is its lifeblood, then SQL Server is
the perfect choice. MSDE is a free, cut down version of SQL Server that you
can use for development purposes.

Web Data Administrator: If you’re going to use MSDE, then you’ll need a
tool for modifying the data within the database. Web Data Administrator is
Microsoft’s free Web-based database management tool.
Installing Internet Information Services (IIS)
Do you need to install IIS locally even if the final site will not be hosted locally?
The answer is: yes. Even if you’re uploading your Web applications via FTP to
your Web host, installing IIS allows you to view, debug, and configure your applications
locally before deployment.
IIS comes with most versions of server-capable Windows operating systems, including
Windows 2000 Professional, Server, and Advanced Server, Windows XP
Professional, and Windows Server 2003, but it’s not installed automatically in
all versions, which is why it may not be present on your computer. To see
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Chapter 1: Introduction to .NET and ASP.NET
whether you have IIS installed and running, simply navigate to your Administrative
Tools menu and check to see if Internet Information Services is an option. Users
of Windows 2000 Professional will find the Administrative Tools in their Control
Panels, while XP and Server family users also have shortcuts in their start menus.
If the shortcut is not visible, then you don’t have it installed. To install IIS, simply
follow these steps:
1. In the Control Panel, select Add or Remove Programs.
2. Choose Add/Remove Windows Components. The list of components will become
visible within a few seconds.
3. In the list of components, check Internet Information Services (IIS).
4. Click Next. Windows prompts you to insert the Windows CD and installs
IIS.
Once IIS is installed, close the Add or Remove Programs dialog. You can check
that IIS has installed correctly by seeing if you can find it within the Administrative
Tools menu. If you can, it’s installed.
You are now ready to begin hosting Web applications. Although we won’t cover
the configuration of IIS for external use, I will show you how to configure IIS to
support local development of ASP.NET applications in order that they may be
uploaded to your external Web hosting provider later.
Installing Internet Explorer
As a Windows user, you have Internet Explorer installed by default, but I recommend
you run at least version 5.5. You can check your version by selecting About
Internet Explorer from the Help menu.
If your version of Internet Explorer is earlier than 5.5, you can download the
latest version (version 6 SP1 as of this writing) for free from the Internet Explorer
Website[3]. Remember, although ASP.NET will work with older versions of IE,
certain ASP.NET functionality works best with the latest version.
The Internet Explorer Website does not allow you to install a version of your
choice; it permits you to download only the most recent version that’s available.
[3] http://www.microsoft.com/windows/ie/
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Installing Internet Explorer
Because the newest versions of Internet Explorer will include the latest patches,
it’s a good idea to stick with what they give you.
Installing the .NET Framework and SDK
To begin creating ASP.NET applications, you’ll need to install the .NET Framework
and SDK. The .NET Framework includes the necessary files to run and
view ASP.NET pages, while the .NET Framework SDK includes samples, documentation,
and a variety of free tools.
The .NET Framework SDK also provides you with the ability to install MSDE,
the free database server that you can use with this book. Once the .NET Framework
and SDK are installed, little else needs to be done for you to begin working
with ASP.NET. The .NET Framework is installed as part of the operating system
if you’re lucky enough to be running Windows .NET Server 2003, in which case
you can skip directly to installing the SDK. If not, you will need to download
the .NET redistributable package, which is approximately 21 MB, and includes
the files necessary for running ASP.NET applications.
To develop .NET applications, you also need to install the software development
kit, which includes necessary tools along with samples and documentation. Be
aware that the .NET Framework SDK is 108 MB in size—be prepared to wait!
Installing the .NET Framework before you install IIS will prevent your applications
from working correctly.
Download and Install the Redistributable
The best method of acquiring the .NET Framework is to download and install it
directly from the Web. To accomplish this, simply follow the steps outlined below:
1. Go to the ASP.NET support site at http://www.asp.net/ and click the Download
link.
2. Click the Download .NET Framework Redist Now link. Remember, we will install
the redistributable first, then we will install the SDK. The link will advance
you to a download page.
3. Choose the language version of the install you want, and click Download.
4. When prompted, save the file to a local directory by choosing Save.
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Chapter 1: Introduction to .NET and ASP.NET
5. After the download is complete, double-click the executable to begin the installation.
6. Follow the steps presented by the .NET Setup Wizard until installation
completes.
Download and Install the SDK
Now that you’ve installed the redistributable, you need to install the software
development kit (SDK):
1. Go to the ASP.NET support site at http://www.asp.net/ and click the Download
link.
2. Click the Download .NET Framework SDK Now link. The link will advance
you to a download page.
3. Choose the language version of the install you want to use and click Download,
as you did to download the redistributable.
4. When prompted to do so, save the file to a local directory by choosing Save.
5. After the download is complete, double-click the executable to begin the installation.
Before you do, I strongly recommend closing all other programs
to ensure the install proceeds smoothly.
6. Follow the steps outlined by the .NET Setup Wizard until installation
completes.
The SDK will take slightly longer to install than the redistributable. Once it’s
finished, check to see if it exists in your programs menu; navigate to Start > Programs
> Microsoft .NET Framework SDK.
Configuring IIS
Although little configuration needs to be done before you begin working with
IIS, I’ll use this section to introduce some basic features and functionality within
IIS:

Determining whether ASP.NET installed correctly

Determining where files are located on the Web server
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Download and Install the SDK

Using localhost

How to start and stop the Web server

How to create a new virtual directory and modify its properties
Determining whether ASP.NET Installed Correctly
Once IIS is installed on your computer, you can open it by selecting Internet Information
Services from the Administrative Tools menu. The first task is to make
sure that ASP.NET was integrated into IIS when you installed the .NET Framework.
Although, logically, ASP.NET should install automatically because it’s a
component of the .NET Framework, sometimes it doesn’t. Don’t let this alarm
you—it’s a common occurrence and is addressed in the Microsoft Knowledge
Base. You can determine whether IIS was installed correctly by following these
steps:
1. Open IIS, if you haven’t already done so, and click on the + symbol next
to your computer’s name.
2. Right-click Default Web Site and select Properties.
3. Navigate to the Documents tab. If default.aspx appears within the list,
ASP.NET was installed correctly.
Another way to check whether ASP.NET installed correctly is by following these
steps:
1. Navigate to the Application Mappings menu by right-clicking the root Website
node (your computer’s name) and choosing Properties.
2. Select the Home Directory tab, and choose Configuration.
3. The Application Mappings menu displays all of the extensions and their associated
ISAPI Extension DLLs, as we see in Figure 1.2.
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Chapter 1: Introduction to .NET and ASP.NET
Figure 1.2. If the .aspx ISAPI Extension DLL appears within the
Application Mappings menu, then ASP.NET was installed correctly.
Since I can imagine you’re dying to know what an ISAPI Extension DLL is, let
me explain. You may know that a DLL is a Dynamically Linked Library, which
is essentially a self-contained code module that any number of applications can
draw on. When a Web server hosts a dynamic Website, page requests must be
processed by program code running on the server before the resultant HTML
can be sent back to the requesting browser (the client). Now, as was the case
with traditional ASP, ASP.NET performs this processing with the help of its Internet
Server Application Programming Interface (ISAPI) extension DLL.
ISAPI allows Web requests to be processed through the Web server by a DLL,
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Determining whether ASP.NET Installed Correctly
rather than an EXE, as is the case with Common Gateway Interface (CGI)
pages. This approach is advantageous because DLLs are much more efficient, and
require far less resources and memory than executables. IIS uses the file extension
of a requested page to determine which DLL should process the request according
to the mappings shown in the screenshot above. So, we can see that pages ending
in .aspx, .asmx, or .ascx, among others, will now be passed by IIS to the
ASP.NET DLL (aspnet_isapi.dll) for processing. OK, enough of the tech-talk.
Let’s get back to it!
If you’ve come to the conclusion that ASP.NET was not installed on your computer,
you’ll have to install it manually from the command prompt:
1. Open the command prompt by selecting Start > Run, type CMD, and select
OK.
2. Type the following command (all on one line) to install ASP.NET on Windows
2000 Professional, Server, or Advanced Server:
C:\WINNT\Microsoft.NET\Framework\ver\aspnet_regiis.exe -i
Or on Windows XP Professional:
C:\WINDOWS\Microsoft.NET\Framework\ver\aspnet_regiis.exe -i
In these commands, ver is the directory corresponding to the version of the
.NET Framework you have installed.
3. Once ASP.NET is installed, close the command prompt and check again to
confirm whether ASP.NET installed correctly.
If it still hasn’t installed, try visiting the Microsoft Knowledge Base[6] for help.
Where Do I Put My Files?
Now that you have ASP.NET up and running, let’s take a look at where the files
for your Web applications are kept on the computer. You can readily set IIS to
look for Web applications within any folder of your choice, including the My
Documents folder or even a network share. By default, IIS maps the wwwroot
subfolder of C:\Inetpub on the server to your Website’s root directory, and it
is generally considered a good repository for storing and managing your Web
applications.
[6] http://support.microsoft.com/
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Chapter 1: Introduction to .NET and ASP.NET
If you open this wwwroot folder in Windows Explorer, and compare it with the
folder tree that appears on the left of the IIS console, you’ll notice that the folders
in Explorer also appear under your Default Web Site node. Note that, while
several of these folders have the regular Explorer folder icon in the IIS view,
others have a special Web application icon, indicating that these folders contain
the pages and other items for a particular Web application. These special folders
are what IIS calls Virtual Directories, and, in fact, they do not have to share
the name of the physical folder to which they map. We’ll see more on this shortly.
Using Localhost
By putting your files within C:\Inetpub\wwwroot, you’ve given your Web server
access to them. If you’ve been developing Web pages for a long time, habit may
drive you to open files directly in your browser by double-clicking on the HTML
files. Because ASP.NET is a server-side language, your Web server needs to have
a crack at the file before it’s sent to your browser for display. If the server doesn’t
get this opportunity, the ASP.NET code is not converted into HTML that your
browser can understand. For this reason, ASP.NET files can’t be opened directly
from Windows Explorer.
Instead, you need to open them in your browser using the special Web address
that indicates the current computer, http://localhost/. If you try this now, IIS will
open up some HTML help documentation, because we’ve not yet set up a default
Website. This localhost name is, in fact, equivalent to the so-called loopback IP
address, 127.0.0.1, IP which you can check out by entering http://127.0.0.1/ in
your browser; you should see the same page you saw using localhost. If you know
them, you can also use the name of your server or the real IP address of your
machine to the same effect.
Note that if you do try any of these equivalents, a dialog will appear before the
page is opened, asking for your network credentials, because you’re no longer
using your local authentication implicit with localhost.
Stopping and Starting IIS
Now that we have IIS up and running, and ASP.NET installed, let’s look at how
you can start, stop, and restart IIS if the need arises. For the most part, you’ll
always want to have IIS running, except when you’re using certain programs
locally that open ports and allow intruders to compromise the security of your
computer. Some programs, like Kazaa, automatically stop IIS upon launch, because
of potential security vulnerabilities. If you want to stop IIS when it’s not
being used, simply follow the steps outlined below:
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Using Localhost
1. With IIS open, select Default Web Site. The Play, Stop, and Pause icons will
become visible.
2. Select Stop, as shown in Figure 1.3.
Figure 1.3. Select the Stop icon to stop IIS.
3. To start IIS again, all you need to do is click the Play icon.
Virtual Directories
I’ve already briefly introduced the concept of virtual directories, which are a
key mechanism in IIS; now I’d like to define a virtual directory a little more
clearly.
A virtual directory is simply a name (or alias) that points to a local folder or
network share on the server. This alias is then used to access the Web application
held in that physical location. For instance, imagine your company has a Web
server that serves documents from C:\Inetpub\wwwroot\mySiteA. Your users
can access these documents through this URL:
http://www.mycompany.com/mySiteA/
You could also set up another physical location as a different virtual directory in
IIS. If, for instance, you were developing another Web application, you could
store the files for it in C:\dev\newSiteB. You could then create in IIS a new
virtual directory called, say, CoolPages, which maps to this location. This new
site would then be accessible through this URL:
http://www.mycompany.com/CoolPages/
As this application is in development, you would probably want to set IIS to hide
this virtual directory from the public until the project is complete. Your existing
Website would still be visible.
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Chapter 1: Introduction to .NET and ASP.NET
Let’s create a virtual directory on your server now:
1. Right-click on Default Web Site and select Virtual Directory from the New
submenu. The Virtual Directory Creation Wizard will appear. Click Next.
2. Type in an alias for your virtual directory. I’ll type in WebDocs. Click Next.
3. Browse for the directory in which your application is located. For this example,
I’m going to choose the My Pictures folder located within the My
Documents directory. Click Next.
4. Set Access Permissions for your directory. Typically, you’ll want to check
Read, Run scripts, and Browse. You will not need to select Write until we get
into accessing the file system, discussed in Chapter 15. Click Next.
5. Click Finish.
Once your new virtual directory has been created, it will appear within the
Website list as shown in Figure 1.4.
Figure 1.4. Once the virtual directory has been created, it will
appear within the list of sites.
Now, if you type http://localhost/WebDocs/ in your browser, IIS will recognize
that you’re looking for a Website held in the My Pictures directory. By default,
when we request a virtual directory in this way, IIS looks for an index HTML
page such as index.html or default.htm. If there is no index page—in this case
there isn’t—IIS assumes we want to see the contents of the requested location.
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Virtual Directories
However, viewing the entire content of a location like this is not usually something
we want our users to do; they could then freely see and access all the files and
directories that make up our Web page. Not only is this a little messy and unprofessional,
but it also can provide information to hackers that could let them attack
our site. So, by default, IIS won’t allow this—we’ll receive a message reading,
“Directory Listing Denied” in our browser.
Bearing that in mind, there are, however, circumstances in which we do want to
allow directory listings, so let’s see how we can enable this in IIS. First, we have
to right click the virtual directory in the IIS console, and choose Properties. Then,
we select the Virtual Directory tab, and check the Directory browsing box. When
we click OK and open (or refresh) the same URL in our browser, we’ll see a list
of all the files within the My Pictures folder.
The Properties dialog that we’ve just used lets us configure various other useful
properties, including:
Virtual Directory Allows you to configure directory-level properties including
path information, virtual directory name, access
permissions, etc. Everything that was set up
through the wizard is modifiable through this tab.
Document Allows you to configure a default page that displays
when the user types in a full URL. For instance, because
default.aspx is listed as a default page, the
user needs only to type in http://www.mysite.com/ into
the browser’s address bar, rather than
http://www.mysite.com/default.aspx. You can easily
change and remove these by selecting the appropriate
button to the right of the menu.
Directory Security Provides you with security configuration settings for
the virtual directory.
HTTP Headers Gives you the ability to forcefully control page caching
on the server, add custom HTTP Headers, Edit Ratings
(helps identify the content your site provides to users),
and create MIME types. Don’t worry about this for
now.
Custom Errors Allows you to define your own custom error pages.
Rather than the standard error messages that appear
within Internet Explorer, you can customize error
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Chapter 1: Introduction to .NET and ASP.NET
messages with your company’s logo and an error message
of your choice.
One thing to note at this point is that we can set properties for the Default Web
Site node, and choose to have them ‘propagate’ down to all the virtual directories
we’ve created. So, let’s now go ahead and enable directory browsing as the default
for our Web applications. Please do remember what I’ve said about the dangers
of allowing directory browsing on a production Web application, and keep in
mind that you should never normally allow it in a publicly accessible environment
(even on an intranet). However, during development, this facility can be very
handy, as it allows us to navigate and run all our virtual directories by clicking
on the listing in our browser, rather than having to type in long URLs each time.
To enable directory browsing:
1. Right-click Default Web Site and select Properties. The Default Web Site
Properties dialog will appear.
2. First, we need to remove the default setting which opens up the IIS help
documentation for our root directory, so choose the Documents tab.
3. Select iisstart.asp, and click Remove.
4. Now choose the Home Directory tab.
5. Check the Directory Browsing check box and select OK.
6. When the Inheritance Overrides dialog appears, click Select All and then OK.
To try it out, open your browser and type http://localhost/ in the address bar.
The directory listing will appear within the browser as shown in Figure 1.5.
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Virtual Directories
Figure 1.5. Enabling directory browsing for the Web server
provides you with the ability to view directories in a way that’s
similar to the view you’d see within Windows Explorer.
As you create Web applications, you’ll only need to select the directory that the
Web application resides in to launch your work, but do remember to disable
directory browsing should you later make your IIS Web server publicly visible.
Installing Microsoft Access
Access is Microsoft’s database solution for both developers and small companies
who need to house data within a small yet reliable store. Because Microsoft Access
is widely available, it’s usually the perfect choice for discussion and use within
books such as this. Although we won’t be covering data access until Chapter 5,
you may want to start thinking about the scope of your or your company’s needs
and choose a database accordingly. If you’re a small company looking for something
cheap, reliable, and easy to use, then Access is for you. This book will cover
examples using both Access and MSDE. Even if you plan on using MSDE, you
may still want to read this section, as Access provides some good data modeling
tools that aren’t available to you through Web Data Administrator.
You can find more information on Access from the Access Website[15]. Here,
you can find the latest updates, news, and purchase information for Microsoft
Access.
[15] http://www.microsoft.com/office/access/
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Chapter 1: Introduction to .NET and ASP.NET
Access is bundled with Professional editions of the Microsoft Office suite, so you
may already have it installed. If you’ve already installed Microsoft Office on your
computer, but didn’t install Access at the same time, you’ll need to add it to your
installation. The following assumes that you have either Microsoft Office 2000
or XP Professional handy, and that you’ll be installing from that CD:
1. Navigate to the Add or Remove Programs menu located within the Control
Panel.
2. Select your Microsoft Office installation from the Programs menu and select
Change.
3. When the Microsoft Office Setup dialog appears, select Add/Remove Features
and click Next.
4. Select Run from My Computer from the Access program menu.
5. Click Update. You will be prompted to insert your Microsoft Office CD, so
make sure you have it handy. Access will now install.
If you plan to purchase Access, you might like to consider purchasing the Microsoft
Office bundle, as you receive Access, Word, Outlook, PowerPoint, and
Excel for much less than the total cost of each of the components. Installing Access
from either the Microsoft Access or Microsoft Office CDs is easy—just insert the
CD, follow the onscreen prompts, and accept the default installation.
That’s all there is to it. You are now ready to begin working with database-driven
Web applications.
Installing SQL Server Desktop Engine (MSDE)
SQL Server 2000 is Microsoft’s database solution for medium to large companies
and enterprises. It is quite a bit more expensive than Access, generally requires
its own dedicated “database server”, and, at times, requires the hiring of a certified
database administrator (DBA) to maintain; yet it offers a robust and scalable
solution for larger Web applications.
I’ll assume that if you’re reading this book, you probably don’t want to invest in
something as massive as SQL Server, and that your needs are better suited to
something free that’s nearly as powerful for testing and development purposes.
If this is the case, then Microsoft’s SQL Server Desktop Engine, or MSDE, is
perfect for you. MSDE is Microsoft’s free database alternative to SQL Server. It
19 Order the print version of this book to get all 700+ pages!
Installing SQL Server Desktop Engine (MSDE)
functions and stores data exactly as SQL Server does, but is licensed for development
purposes only.
Once the .NET Framework SDK is installed, installing MSDE is a snap and can
be completed as follows:
1. Select Start > Programs > Microsoft Framework SDK, and choose Samples and
QuickStart Tutorials.
2. Choose the Download and Install the Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Desktop
Engine link. You will be redirected to a download page on Microsoft’s
Website.
3. Select Step 1: Download the Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Desktop Engine (68.4
MB).
4. Save the file onto your hard drive. At nearly 70 MB, this may take some
time, so you may want to move onto the section called “Your First ASP.NET
Page” later in this chapter while the download continues, as our first example
doesn’t use a database. Once the download is done, come back and continue
the installation process.
5. Double-click the downloaded file and follow the instructions to unpack the
MSDE setup files.
6. Open the Command Prompt by selecting Start > Run; type cmd, and select
OK.
7. Change to the directory to which you extracted the files using cd on the
command line. MSDE extracts to C:\sql2ksp3\MSDE by default.
8. Type the following command (all on one line) in the MSDE directory to set
up MSDE:
Setup.exe /qb+ INSTANCENAME=NetSDK DISABLENETWORKPROTOCOLS=1
SAPWD=PASSWORD
The complete set of commands is shown in Figure 1.6.
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Chapter 1: Introduction to .NET and ASP.NET
Figure 1.6. Install MSDE by running the command line
executable and setting necessary parameters.
It’s a good idea to set a suitable system administrator password using the
SAPWD parameter as shown above, although you can apply the traditional
blank password by using the BLANKSAPWD=1 parameter instead.
9. MSDE will now install.
10. Restart your computer for changes to take effect.
If all goes well, when the computer restarts, you’ll notice in the task bar tray a
small icon that looks like a cylinder with a play icon on top, as shown in Figure
1.7.
Figure 1.7. MSDE runs out of sight within the task bar tray.
That icon represents the database Service Manager. It lets you start and stop the
database engine; all you have to do is double-click that icon within the task bar
tray. Double-click the icon now to open the Service Manager Dialog, where you
can select the Play icon to start the service, or the Stop icon to stop the service.
In some cases, you may not see either a green triangle or a red square; instead,
you see an empty white circle. When you open Service Manager, you’ll see the
message “Not Connected” appear in the status bar at the bottom. You’ll need to
type YourComputer\netsdk in the Server drop-down (where YourComputer is
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Installing SQL Server Desktop Engine (MSDE)
the name of your computer), and click Refresh services. MSDE should then connect,
and the green triangle should appear.
Installing and Configuring Web Data
Administrator
In order to use MSDE effectively, you’ll need some sort of administration tool
to work with your databases. Web Data Administrator is another free tool
provided by Microsoft that allows you to manage your instance of MSDE locally
and remotely using a Web-based interface. You can download this program from
Microsoft’s developer site[16]. Scroll to the bottom of that page and you’ll find
two search boxes. Leave the top one at All, and type Web Data Administrator
in the bottom one, then click search. The search results should include the correct
page.
Once you’ve downloaded it, simply double-click the .msi file to install. Once
installed, Web Data Administrator can be accessed through your browser at the
URL http://localhost/SqlWebAdmin, but before it can be used, you’ll need to
enable what is known as SQL Mixed Mode authentication.
This involves making a small change to the registry, but don’t be put off. If you
follow these instructions exactly, you won’t do any harm. Let’s do it! Click Start,
then Run…. In the dialog, type regedit and press Enter to open the registry editor.
Now expand the HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE node in the left hand pane, then
expand the SOFTWARE node. Next, find and open the Microsoft node, and, inside
that, open one labeled Microsoft SQL Server. In there, you should find a node
called NETSDK, which contains another, called MSSQLServer. Select that node,
and find the key (in the right hand pane) called LoginMode. Double-click that,
and change its Value data from 1 to 2, then click OK. Now, close regedit, and
restart your computer. Phew! That was a bit of a trek, but I hope you found it
easier in practice than it appears on paper!
Now, open the Web Data Administrator URL given above. You’ll be asked for
the login, password, and server name for your instance of MSDE. Type sa in the
user name box, and the password that you supplied during the installation of
MSDE. If you’re unsure what the name of your server is, double-click the database
engine icon within the task bar tray. The name of your server is located within
the server drop-down menu.
[16] http://msdn.microsoft/downloads/
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Chapter 1: Introduction to .NET and ASP.NET
Once you’ve done this and clicked Login, you will see a list of the databases that
are currently available from MSDE, as shown in Figure 1.8.
Figure 1.8. Web Data Administrator allows you to work with your
databases within MSDE.
More information on Web Data Administrator, MSDE, and databases will be
covered in Chapter 6.
Your First ASP.NET Page
For your first run at ASP.NET, we’ll create the simple example shown in Figure
1.9.
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Your First ASP.NET Page
Figure 1.9. We’ll create a simple ASP.NET page that says "Hello
there" and displays the time.
Let’s get started! Open your text editor (Notepad2 is fine). If you have software
that creates ASP.NET pages automatically, such as Visual Studio .NET, please
do not use it yet. These programs provide lots of powerful tools for building
complex ASP.NET pages in a hurry, but for simple examples like this one, they
tend to get in the way, rather than provide assistance.
Open your text editor, and start by entering the plain HTML for our page:

Hello there!

The time is now:

So far, so good, right? Now, we’ll add some ASP.NET code that will create the
dynamic elements of the page, starting with the time.


2If you do use Notepad, be aware that to need to put quotes around any filename that doesn’t end
with .txt in the Save As dialog. Most ASP.NET file names end with .aspx; if you forget to put
quotes around them when saving, you’ll end up with files called filename.aspx.txt!
Order the print version of this book to get all 700+ pages! 24
Chapter 1: Introduction to .NET and ASP.NET

Hello there!

The time is now:

We’ve added an tag to the document. This is a special tag that lets
us insert dynamic content into the page. The asp: part of the tag name identifies
it as a built-in ASP.NET tag. ASP.NET comes with numerous built-in tags;
is arguably the simplest.
The runat="server" attribute identifies the tag as something that needs to be
handled on the server. In other words, the Web browser will never see the
tag; ASP.NET sees it and converts it to regular HTML tags before
the page is sent to the browser. It’s up to us to write the code that will tell
ASP.NET to replace this particular tag with the current time.
To do this, we must add some script to our page. Like ASP before it, ASP.NET
gives you the choice of a number of different languages to use in your scripts.
The two most common languages are Visual Basic.NET (VB.NET) and C#
(pronounced “C sharp”). Let’s take a look at examples using both. Here’s a version
of the page in VB.NET:
VB.NET File: FirstPage.aspx

Hello there!

The time is now:

Here’s the same page written in C#:
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Your First ASP.NET Page
C# File: FirstPage.aspx

Hello there!

The time is now:

Both versions of the page achieve exactly the same thing. If you’ve never done
any server-side programming before, this may be starting to look a little scary.
Let’s break down the new elements of this page:
File: FirstPage.aspx (excerpt)

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Your First ASP.NET Page
C# File: FirstPage.aspx (excerpt)
}

The closing (End Sub) and (}) mark the end of the script to be run when the
page is loaded, and the tag marks the end of the script block.
Create a new subdirectory of C:\Inetpub\wwwroot on your Web server, and save
your file there under the name FirstPage.aspx. Now, open your browser and
point type this URL in the address bar:
http://localhost/test/FirstPage.aspx
Replace test with the name that you gave to the directory in which you saved
the file. You should see a page similar to the one we saw in Figure 1.9.
If the time isn’t displayed, chances are that you opened the file directly in your
browser instead of loading it through your Web server. Because ASP.NET is a
server-side language, your Web server needs to access the file before it’s sent to
your browser for display. If it doesn’t get access to the file, the ASP.NET code is
never converted into HTML that your browser can understand, so make sure
you load the page by typing an actual URL (e.g. http://localhost/test/index.aspx),
not just a path and filename.
With the page displayed in your browser, use the View Source feature (View,
Source in Internet Explorer) to view the HTML code for the page. Here’s what
you’ll see:

Hello there!

The time is now: 10/13/2003 1:55:09
PM

Notice that all the ASP.NET code has gone! Even the script block has been
completely removed, and the tag has been replaced by a
tag (with the same id attribute as the tag that we used) containing
the date and time string.
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Chapter 1: Introduction to .NET and ASP.NET
That’s how ASP.NET works. From the Web browser’s point of view, there is
nothing special about an ASP.NET page; it’s just plain HTML like any other. All
the ASP.NET code is run by your Web server and converted to plain HTML
that’s sent to the browser. So far, so good: the example above was fairly simple.
The next chapter will get a bit more challenging as we begin to introduce you to
some valuable programming concepts.
The ASP.NET Support Site
The official Microsoft ASP.NET support Website can be found at
http://www.asp.net/. As you develop ASP.NET Web applications, you will undoubtedly
have questions and problems that need to be answered. The ASP.NET
support Website was developed by Microsoft as a portal for the ASP.NET community
to answer the questions and solve the problems that developers have
while using ASP.NET. The support Website provides useful information, such
as news, downloads, articles, and discussion forums. You can also ask questions
of the experienced community members in the SitePoint Forums[20].
Summary
In this chapter, you learned about .NET. You also learned of the benefits of
ASP.NET and that it’s a part of the .NET Framework. First, you learned about
the constructs of ASP.NET and how to locate and install the .NET Framework.
Then, we explored the software that’s required not only for this book, but also
in order for you or your company to progress with ASP.NET.
You’ve gained a solid foundation in the world of ASP.NET! The next chapter
will build on this knowledge and begin to introduce you to ASP.NET in more
detail, including page structure, languages to use, programming concepts, and
form processing.
[20] http://www.sitepoint.com/forums/
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The ASP.NET Support Site
30
ASP.NET Basics 2
So far, you’ve learned what ASP.NET is, and what it can do—you even know
how to create a simple ASP.NET page. Don’t worry if it seems a little bewildering
right now, because, as this book progresses, you’ll learn how to use ASP.NET at
more advanced levels. So far, you’ve installed the necessary software to get going
and have been introduced to some very simple form processing techniques.
As the next few chapters unfold, we’ll introduce more advanced topics, including
controls, programming techniques, and more. Before we can begin developing
applications with ASP.NET, however, you’ll need to understand the inner
workings of a typical ASP.NET page. This will help you identify the various parts
of the ASP.NET page referenced by the many examples within the book. In this
chapter, we’ll talk about some key mechanisms of an ASP.NET page, specifically:

Page structure

View state

Namespaces

Directives
We’ll also cover two of the "built-in" languages supported by the .NET Framework:
VB.NET and C#. As this section begins to unfold, we’ll explore the differences,
similarities, and power that the two languages provide in terms of creating
ASP.NET applications.
So, what exactly makes up an ASP.NET page? The next few sections will give
you an in-depth understanding of the constructs of a typical ASP.NET page.
ASP.NET Page Structure
ASP.NET pages are simply text files with the .aspx file name extension that can
be placed on an IIS server equipped with ASP.NET. When a browser requests
an ASP.NET page, the ASP.NET runtime (as a component of the .NET Framework’s
Common Language Runtime, or CLR) parses and compiles the target file
into a .NET Framework class. The application logic now contained within the
new class is used in conjunction with the presentational HTML elements of the
ASP.NET page to display dynamic content to the user. Sounds simple, right?
An ASP.NET page consists of the following elements:

Directives

Code declaration blocks

Code render blocks

ASP.NET server controls

Server-side comments

Server-side include directives

Literal text and HTML tags
It’s important to remember that ASP.NET pages are just text files with an .aspx
extension that are processed by the runtime to create standard HTML, based on
their contents. Presentational elements within the page are contained within the
tag, while application logic or code can be placed inside
Here, the tags enclose some VB.NET code, but it could just as easily be C# if
our page language were set thus:
C#

Order the print version of this book to get all 700+ pages! 34
Chapter 2: ASP.NET Basics
Comments in VB.NET and C# Code
Both of these code snippets contain comments—explanatory text that will be ignored by
ASP.NET, but which serves to describe how the code works.
In VB.NET code, a single quote or apostrophe (') indicates that the remainder of the line
is to be ignored as a comment.
In C# code, two slashes (//) does the same. C# code also lets you span a comment over
multiple lines by beginning it with /* and ending it with */.
Before .NET emerged, ASP also supported such script tags using a runat="server"
attribute, although they could only ever contain VBScript, and, for a variety
of reasons, they failed to find favor among developers. Code declaration blocks
are generally placed inside the tag of your ASP.NET page. The sample
ASP.NET page shown in Figure 2.1, for instance, contained the following code
declaration block:
VB.NET

Perhaps you can work out what the equivalent C# code would be:
C#

The

<%-- Declare the title as string and set it --%>

<% Dim Title As String = "Zak Ruvalcaba's Book List" %>
<%= Title %>



As you can see in the bold code, literal text and HTML tags provide the structure
for presenting our dynamic data. Without them, there would be no format to
the page, and the browser would be unable to understand it.
Now you should understand what the structure of an ASP.NET page looks like.
As you work through the examples in this book, you’ll begin to realize that in
many cases you won’t need to use all these elements. For the most part, all of
your development will be modularized within code declaration blocks. All of the
dynamic portions of your pages will be contained within code render blocks or
controls located inside a

tag.
In the following sections, we’ll outline the various languages used within ASP.NET,
talk a little about view state, and look at working with directives in more detail.
View State
As I mentioned briefly in the previous section, ASP.NET controls automatically
retain their data when a page is sent to the server by a user clicking a submit
button. Microsoft calls this persistence of data view state. In the past, developers
would have to hack a way to remember the item selected in a drop-down menu
or keep the contents of a text box, typically using a hidden form field. This is no
longer the case; ASP.NET pages, once submitted to the server for processing,
automatically retain all information contained within text boxes, items selected
within drop-down menus, radio buttons, and check boxes. Even better, they keep
dynamically generated tags, controls, and text. Consider the following ASP page,
called sample.asp:
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Chapter 2: ASP.NET Basics








<%
If Request.Form("txtName") <> "" Then
Response.Write(Request.Form("txtName"))
End If
%>

If you save this example in the WebDocs subdirectory of wwwroot that you created
in Chapter 1, you can open it in your browser by typing
http://localhost/WebDocs/sample.asp, to see that view state is not automatically
preserved. When the user submits the form, the information that was previously
typed into the text box is cleared, although it is still available in Request.
Form("txtName"). The equivalent page in ASP.NET, ViewState.aspx,
demonstrates data persistence using view state:
VB.NET File: ViewState.aspx

runat="server" />


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View State


C# File: ViewState.aspx

runat="server" />




In this case, the code uses ASP.NET controls with the runat="server" attribute.
As you can see in Figure 2.2, the text from the box appears on the page when the
button is clicked, but also notice that the data remains in the text box! The data
in this example is preserved because of view state:
Figure 2.2. ASP.NET supports view state. When a page is
submitted, the information within the controls is preserved.
Order the print version of this book to get all 700+ pages! 42
Chapter 2: ASP.NET Basics
You can see the benefits of view state already. But where is all that information
stored? ASP.NET pages maintain view state by encrypting the data within a
hidden form field. View the source of the page after you’ve submitted the form,
and look for the following code:

This is a standard HTML hidden form field with the value set to the encrypted
data from the form element. As soon as you submit the form for processing, all
information relevant to the view state of the page is stored within this hidden
form field.
View state is enabled for every page by default. If you do not intend to use view
state, you can turn it off, which will result in a slight performance gain in your
pages. To do this, set the EnableViewState property of the Page directive to
false:
<%@ Page EnableViewState="False" %>
Speaking of directives, it’s time we took a closer look at these curious beasts!
Working With Directives
For the most part, ASP.NET pages resemble traditional HTML pages, with a few
additions. In essence, just using an extension like .aspx on an HTML file will
make the .NET Framework process the page. However, before you can work with
certain, more advanced features, you will need to know how to use directives.
We’ve already talked a little about directives and what they can do earlier in this
chapter. You learned that directives control how a page is created, specify settings
when navigating between pages, aid in finding errors, and allow you to import
advanced functionality to use within your code. Three of the most commonly
used directives are:
Page Defines page-specific attributes for the ASP.NET page, such as
the language used.
Import Makes functionality defined elsewhere available in a page
through the use of namespaces. You will become very familiar
with this directive as you progress through this book.
43 Order the print version of this book to get all 700+ pages!
Working With Directives
Register Asyou will see in Chapter 16, you would use this directive to
link a user control to the ASP.NET page.
You will become very familiar with these three directives, as they’re the ones that
we’ll be using the most in this book. You’ve already seen the Page directive in
use. The Import directive imports extra functionality for use within your application
logic. The following example, for instance, imports the Mail class, which
you could use to send email from a page:
<%@ Import Namespace="System.Web.Mail" %>
The Register directive allows you to register a user control for use on your
page. We’ll cover these in Chapter 16, but the directive looks something like this:
<%@ Register TagPrefix="uc" TagName="footer" Src="footer.ascx" %>
ASP.NET Languages
As we saw in the previous chapter, .NET currently supports many different languages
and there is no limit to the number of languages that could be made
available. If you’re used to writing ASP, you may think the choice of VBScript
would be obvious. With ASP.NET however, Microsoft has done away with VBScript
and replaced it with a more robust and feature-rich alternative: VB.NET.
ASP.NET’s support for C# is likely to find favor with developers from other
backgrounds. This section will introduce you to both these new languages, which
are used throughout the remainder of the book. By the end of this section, you
will, I hope, agree that the similarities between the two are astonishing—any
differences are minor and, in most cases, easy to figure out.
Traditional server technologies are much more constrained in the choice of development
language they offer. For instance, old-style CGI scripts were typically
written with Perl or C/C++, JSP uses Java, Coldfusion uses CFML, and PHP is
a language in and of itself. .NET’s support for many different languages lets developers
choose based on what they’re familiar with, and start from there. To
keep things simple, in this book we’ll consider the two most popular, VB.NET
and C#, giving you a chance to choose which feels more comfortable to you, or
stick with your current favorite if you have one.
VB.NET
Visual Basic.NET or VB.NET is the result of a dramatic overhaul of Microsoft’s
hugely popular Visual Basic language. With the inception of Rapid Application
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Chapter 2: ASP.NET Basics
Development (RAD) in the nineties, Visual Basic became extremely popular,
allowing inhouse teams and software development shops to bang out applications
two-to-the-dozen. VB.NET has many new features over older versions of VB,
most notably that it has now become a fully object-oriented language. At last, it
can call itself a true programming language on a par with the likes of Java and
C++. Despite the changes, VB.NET generally stays close to the structured, legible
syntax that has always made it so easy to read, use, and maintain.
C#
The official line is that Microsoft created C# in an attempt to produce a programming
language that coupled the simplicity of Visual Basic with the power and
flexibility of C++. However, there’s little doubt that its development was at least
hurried along. Following legal disputes with Sun about Microsoft’s treatment
(some would say abuse) of Java, Microsoft was forced to stop developing its own
version of Java, and instead developed C# and another language, which it calls
J#. We’re not going to worry about J# here, as C# is preferable. It’s easy to read,
use, and maintain, because it does away with much of the confusing syntax for
which C++ became infamous.
Summary
In this chapter, we started out by introducing key aspects of an ASP.NET page
including directives, code declaration blocks, code render blocks, includes, comments,
and controls. As the chapter progressed, you were introduced to the two
most popular languages that ASP.NET supports, which we’ll use throughout the
book.
In the next chapter, we’ll create more ASP.NET pages to demonstrate some form
processing techniques and programming basics, before we finally dive in and look
at object oriented programming for the Web.
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C#
46
VB.NET and C# Programming
Basics 3
As you learned at the end of the last chapter, one of the great things about
ASP.NET is that we can pick and choose which of the various .NET languages
we like. In this chapter, we’ll look at some key programming principles using our
two chosen languages, VB.NET and C#. We’ll start off with a run-down of some
basic programming concepts as they relate to ASP.NET using both languages.
We’ll introduce programming fundamentals such as control and page events,
variables, arrays, functions, operators, conditionals, and loops. Next, we’ll dive
into namespaces and address the topic of classes—how they’re exposed through
namespaces, and which you’ll use most often.
The final sections of the chapter cover some of the ideas underlying modern, effective
ASP.NET design, starting with that of code-behind and the value it
provides by helping us separate code from presentation. We finish with an examination
of how object-oriented programming techniques impact the ASP.NET
developer.
Programming Basics
One of the building blocks of an ASP.NET page is the application logic: the actual
programming code that allows the page to function. To get anywhere with
this, you need to grasp the concept of events. All ASP.NET pages will contain
controls, such as text boxes, check boxes, lists, and more, each of these controls
allowing the user to interact with it in some way. Check boxes can be checked,
lists can be scrolled, items on them selected, and so on. Now, whenever one of
these actions is performed, the control will raise an event. It is by handling these
events with code that we get our ASP.NET pages to do what we want.
For instance, say a user clicks a button on an ASP.NET page. That button (or,
strictly, the ASP.NET Button control) raises an event (in this case it will be the
Click event). When the ASP.NET runtime registers this event, it calls any code
we have written to handle it. We would use this code to perform whatever action
that button was supposed to perform, for instance, to save form data to a file, or
retrieve requested information from a database. Events really are key to ASP.NET
programming, which is why we’ll start by taking a closer look at them. Then,
there’s the messy business of writing the actual handler code, which means we
need to check out some common programming techniques in the next sections.
Specifically, we’re going to cover the following areas:

Control events and handlers

Page events

Variables and variable declaration

Arrays

Functions

Operators

Conditionals

Loops
It wouldn’t be practical, or even necessary, to cover all aspects of VB.NET and
C# in this book, so we’re going to cover enough to get you started, completing
the projects and samples using both languages. Moreover, I’d say that the programming
concepts you’ll learn here will be more than adequate to complete the
great majority of day-to-day Web development tasks using ASP.NET.
Control Events and Subroutines
As I just mentioned, an event (sometimes more than one) is raised, and handler
code is called, in response to a specific action on a particular control. For instance,
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Chapter 3: VB.NET and C# Programming Basics
the code below creates a server-side button and label. Note the use of the OnClick
attribute on the Button control:
File: ClickEvent.aspx (excerpt)

Text="Click Me" />


When the button is clicked, it raises the Click event, and ASP.NET checks the
OnClick attribute to find the name of the handler subroutine for that event.
Here, we tell ASP.NET to call the btn1_Click() routine. So now we have to
write this subroutine, which we would normally place within a code declaration
block inside the tag, like this:
VB.NET File: ClickEvent.aspx (excerpt)



C# File: ClickEvent.aspx (excerpt)



This code simply sets a message to display on the label that we also declared with
the button. So, when this page is run and users click the button, they’ll see the
message "Hello World" appear next to it.
I hope you can now start to come to grips with the idea of control events and
how they’re used to call particular subroutines. In fact, there are many events
that your controls can use, some of which are only found on certain controls—not
others. Here’s the complete set of attributes the Button control supports for
handling events:
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Control Events and Subroutines
OnClick As we’ve seen, the subroutine indicated by this attribute
is called for the Click event, which occurs when
the user clicks the button.
OnCommand As with OnClick, the subroutine indicated by this attribute
is called when the button is clicked.
OnLoad The subroutine indicated by this attribute is called
when the button is loaded for the first time—generally
when the page first loads.
OnInit When the button is initialized, any subroutine given
in this attribute will be called.
OnPreRender We can run code just before the button is rendered,
using this attribute.
OnUnload This subroutine will run when the control is unloaded
from memory—basically, when the user goes to a different
page or closes the browser entirely.
OnDisposed This occurs when the button is released from memory.
OnDataBinding This fires when the button is bound to a data source.
Don’t worry too much about the intricacies of all these events and when they
happen; I just want you to understand that a single control can produce a number
of different events. In the case of the Button control, you’ll almost always be interested
in the Click event, as the others are only useful in rather obscure circumstances.
When a control raises an event, the specified subroutine (if there is one) is executed.
Let’s now take a look at the structure of a typical subroutine that interacts
with a Web control:
VB.NET
Public Sub mySubName(s As Object, e As EventArgs)
' Write your code here
End Sub
C#
public void mySubName(Object s, EventArgs e) {
// Write your code here
}
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Chapter 3: VB.NET and C# Programming Basics
Let’s break down all the components that make up a typical subroutine:
Public Defines the scope of the subroutine. There are a few
different options to choose from, the most frequently public
used being Public (for a global subroutine that can
be used anywhere within the entire page) and Private
(for subroutines that are available for the specific class
only). If you don’t yet understand the difference, your
best bet is to stick with Public for now.
Sub Defines the chunk of code as a subroutine. A subroutine
is a named block of code that doesn’t return void
a result; thus, in C#, we use the void keyword, which
means exactly that. We don’t need this in VB.NET,
because the Sub keyword already implies that no value
is returned.
mySubName(…) This part gives the name we’ve chosen for the subroutine.
s As Object When we write a subroutine that will function as an
event handler, it must accept two parameters. The Object s
first is the control that generated the event, which is
an Object. Here, we are putting that Object in a
variable named s (more on variables later in this
chapter). We can then access features and settings of
the specific control from our subroutine using the
variable.
e As EventArgs The second parameter contains certain information
specific to the event that was raised. Note that, in EventArgs e
many cases, you won’t need to use either of these two
parameters, so you don’t need to worry about them
too much at this stage.
As this chapter progresses, you’ll see how subroutines associated with particular
events by the appropriate attributes on controls can revolutionize the way your
user interacts with your application.
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Control Events and Subroutines
Page Events
Until now, we’ve considered only events that are raised by controls. However,
there is another type of event—the page event. The idea is the same as for control
events1, except that here, it is the page as a whole that generates the events.
You’ve already used one of these events: the Page_Load event. This event is fired
when the page loads for the first time. Note that we don’t need to associate
handlers for page events the way we did for control events; instead, we just place
our handler code inside a subroutine with a preset name. The following list outlines
the page event subroutines that are available:
Page_Init Called when the page is about to be initialized with
its basic settings
Page_Load Called once the browser request has been processed,
and all of the controls in the page have their updated
values.
Page_PreRender Called once all objects have reacted to the browser
request and any resulting events, but before any response
has been sent to the browser.
Page_UnLoad Called when the page is no longer needed by the
server, and is ready to be discarded.
The order in which the events are listed above is also the order in which they’re
executed. In other words, the Page_Init event is the first event raised by the
page, followed by Page_Load, Page_PreRender, and finally Page_UnLoad.
The best way to illustrate the Page_Load event is through an example:
VB.NET File: PageEvents.aspx (excerpt)

C# File: PageEvents.aspx (excerpt)

You can see that the control on the page does not specify any event handlers.
There’s no need, because we’re using the special Page_Load subroutine, which
will be called when the page loads. As the page loads, it will call the Page_Load
routine, to display “Hello World” in the Label control, as shown in Figure 3.1.
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Page Events
Figure 3.1. The Page_Load event is raised, the subroutine is called,
and the code within the subroutine is executed.
Variables and Variable Declaration
Variables are fundamental to programming, and you’ve almost certainly come
across the term before. Basically, they let you give a name, or identifier, to a
piece of data; we can then use that identifier to store, modify, and retrieve the
data.
However, there are, of course, many different kinds of data, such as strings, integers
(whole numbers), and floating point numbers (fractions or decimals). Before
you can use a variable in VB.NET or C#, you must specify what type of data it
can contain, using keywords such as String, Integer, Decimal, and so on, like
this:
VB.NET
Dim strName As String
Dim intAge As Integer
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Chapter 3: VB.NET and C# Programming Basics
C#
string strName;
int intAge;
These lines declare what type of data we want our variables to store, and are
therefore known as variable declarations. In VB.NET, we use the keyword Dim,
which stands for “dimension”, while in C#, we simply precede the variable name
with the appropriate data type.
Sometimes, we want to set an initial value for variables that we declare; we can
do this using a process known as initialization:
VB.NET
Dim strCarType As String = "BMW"
C#
string strCarType = "BMW";
We can also declare and/or initialize a group of variables of the same type all at
once:
VB.NET
Dim strCarType As String, strCarColor = "blue", strCarModel
C#
string strCarType, strCarColor = "blue", strCarModel;
Table 3.1 below lists the most useful data types available in VB.NET and C#.
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Variables and Variable Declaration
Table 3.1. A List of the Commonly Used Data Types
Description C# VB.NET
Whole numbers in the range -2,147,483,648 to
2,147,483,647.
int Integer
Up to 28 decimal places. You’ll use decimal most
often when dealing with costs of items.
decimal Decimal
Any text value. string String
A single character (letter, number, or symbol). char Char
True or false. bool Boolean
In .NET, all types are ultimately a type of object,
and so variables of this type can hold just about
any kind of data.
Object Object
There are many more data types that you may encounter as you progress, but
this list provides an idea of the ones you’ll use most often.
So, to sum up, once you’ve declared a variable as a given type, it can only hold
data of that type. You can’t put a string into an integer variable, for instance.
However, there are frequently times when you’ll need to convert one data type
to another. Have a look at this code:
VB.NET
Dim intX As Integer
Dim strY As String = "35"
intX = strY + 6
C#
int intX;
String strY = "35";
intX = strY + 6;
Now, while you or I might think that this could make sense—after all, the string
strY does contain a number, so we may well wish to add it to another number—the
computer will not be happy, and we’ll get an error. What we have to do is explicitly
convert, or cast, the string into an integer first:
VB.NET
Dim intX As Integer
Dim strY As String = "35"
intX = Int32.Parse(strY) + 6
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Chapter 3: VB.NET and C# Programming Basics
C#
int intX;
String strY = "35";
intX = Convert.ToInt32(strY) + 6;
Now, the computer will be happy, as we’ve told it that we want to turn the string
into an integer before it’s used as one. This same principle holds true when mixing
other types in a single expression.
Arrays
Arrays are a special variety of variable tailored for storing related items of the
same data type. Any one item in an array can be accessed using the array’s name,
followed by that item’s position in the array (its offset). Let’s create a sample
page to show what I mean:
VB.NET File: Arrays.aspx

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Arrays
C# File: Arrays.aspx

There are some important points to pick up from this code. First, notice how we
declare an array. In VB.NET, it looks like a regular declaration for a string, except
that the number of items we want the array to contain is given in brackets after
the name:
VB.NET File: Arrays.aspx (excerpt)
Dim drinkList(4) As String
In C#, it’s a little different. First, we declare that drinkList is an array by following
the datatype with two empty square brackets. We must then specify that
this is an array of four items, using the new keyword:
C# File: Arrays.aspx (excerpt)
String[] drinkList = new String[4];
A crucial point to realize here is that the arrays in both C# and VB.NET are
what are known as zero-based arrays. This means that the first item actually has
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Chapter 3: VB.NET and C# Programming Basics
position 0, the second has position 1, and so on, through to the last item, which
will have a position that’s one less than the size of the array (3, in this case). So,
we specify each item in our array like this:
VB.NET File: Arrays.aspx (excerpt)
drinkList(0) = "Water"
drinkList(1) = "Juice"
drinkList(2) = "Soda"
drinkList(3) = "Milk"
C# File: Arrays.aspx (excerpt)
drinkList[0] = "Water";
drinkList[1] = "Juice";
drinkList[2] = "Soda";
drinkList[3] = "Milk";
Notice that C# uses square brackets for arrays, while VB.NET uses standard
parentheses. We have to remember that arrays are zero-based when we set the
label text to the second item, as shown here:
VB.NET File: Arrays.aspx (excerpt)
lblArrayList.Text = drinkList(1)
C# File: Arrays.aspx (excerpt)
lblArrayList.Text = drinkList[1];
To help this sink in, you might like to try changing this code to show the third
item in the list instead of the second. Can you work out what change you’d need
to make?
That’s right—you only need to change the number given in the brackets to match
the position of the new item (don’t forget to start at zero). In fact, it’s this ability
to select one item from a list using only its numerical location that makes arrays
so useful in programming, as we’ll see as we get further into the book.
Functions
Functions are exactly the same as subroutines, but for one key difference: they
return a value. In VB.NET, we declare a function using the Function keyword
in place of Sub, while, in C#, we simply have to specify the return type in place
of using void. The following code shows a simple example:
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Functions
VB.NET File: Functions.aspx

C# File: Functions.aspx

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Chapter 3: VB.NET and C# Programming Basics


Figure 3.2 shows the result in the browser.
Figure 3.2. The Page_Load event is raised, the function is called,
and the code within the function is executed.
Here’s what’s happening: the line in our Page_Load subroutine calls our function,
which returns a simple string that we can then assign to our label. I hope this illustrates
what functions are about and how you can use them. In this simple example,
we’re merely returning a fixed string (my name), but the function could
just as well retrieve the name from a database—or somewhere else. The point is
that, regardless of how the function gets its data, we use it (that is, call it) in just
the same way.
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Functions
When we’re declaring our function, we must remember to specify the correct
return type. Take a look at the following code:
VB.NET
' Here's our function
Function addUp(x As Integer, y As Integer) As Integer
Return x + y
End Function
' And now we use it in Page_Load
Sub Page_Load(s As Object, e As EventArgs)
lblMessage.Text = addUp(5, 5).ToString()
End Sub
C#
// Here's our function
int addUp(int x, int y) {
return x + y;
}
// And now we use it in Page_Load
void Page_Load() {
lblMessage.Text = Convert.ToString(addUp(5, 5));
}
You can easily adapt the previous example to use this new code and see the results
in your browser.
Have a look at this code, and see if you can spot what’s different and why. The
first thing you might notice is that our function now accepts parameters. Any
function or subroutine can take any number of parameters, each of any type
(there’s no need for parameter types to match the return type—that’s just coincidental
in this example).
We can then readily use the parameters inside the function or subroutine just
by using the names we gave them in the function declaration (here, we’ve chosen
x and y, but we could have chosen different names).
The other difference between this and the function declaration we had before is
that we now declare our function with a return type of Integer or int, rather
than String, because we want it to return a whole number.
When we now call the new function, we simply have to specify the required
number of parameters, and remember that the function will return a value with
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Chapter 3: VB.NET and C# Programming Basics
the type we specified. In this case, that means we have to convert the integer
value it returns to a string, so we can assign it to the label.
In VB.NET, we tack .ToString() onto the end of the function call, while in C#
we use the Convert.ToString(…). Note the differences in how these two methods
are used—converting numbers to strings is a very common task in ASP.NET, so
it’s good to get a handle on it early. Don’t be too concerned if you’re a little
confused by how these conversions work, though—the syntax will become clear
once we discuss the object oriented concepts involved later in this chapter.
Again, a complete discussion of functions could take up an entire chapter, but I
hope the brief examples here are enough to prepare you for what we’re going to
cover in future chapters. Don’t worry too much if you’re still a bit unsure what
functions and subroutines are all about right now—they’ll become second nature
very quickly.
Operators
Throwing around values with variables and functions isn’t much use unless you
can use them in some meaningful way, and to do this we use operators. An operator
is a symbol that has a certain meaning when applied to values. Don’t
worry—they’re nowhere near as scary as they sound! In fact, in the last example,
when our function added two numbers, we were using an operator—the addition
operator, +. Most of the other available operators are just as well known, although
there are one or two that will probably be new to you. Table 3.2 outlines the
operators that you’ll use most often.
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Operators
Table 3.2. ASP.NET Operators
Description C# VB.NET
greater than > >
greater than or equal to >= >=
less than < <
less than or equal to <= <=
not equal to != <>
equals == =
assigns a value to a variable = =
or Or
and && And
concatenate strings + &
create object or array New New
multiply * *
divide / /
add + +
subtract - -
The following code uses some of these operators:
VB.NET
If (user = "Zak" And itemsBought <> 0) Then
lblMessage.Text = "Hello Zak! Do you want to proceed to " & _
"checkout?"
End If
C#
if (user == "Zak" && itemsBought != 0) {
lblMessage.Text = "Hello Zak! Do you want to proceed to " +
"checkout?";
}
Here, we use the equality, inequality (not equals to) and logical ‘and’ operators
in an If statement to print a message only for a given user, and only when he or
she has bought something. Of particular note is C#’s equality operator, ==, which
is used when comparing two values to see if they are equal. Don’t use a single
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Chapter 3: VB.NET and C# Programming Basics
equals sign in C# unless you are assigning a value to a variable, or your code will
have a very different meaning than you expect!
Breaking Long Lines of Code
Since the message string in the above example was too long to fit on one line
in this book, I also used the string concatenation operator to combine two
shorter strings on separate lines to form the complete message. In VB.NET,
I also had to break one line of code into two using the line continuation
symbol (_, an underscore at the end of the line to be continued). Since C#
marks the end of each command with a semicolon (;), I can split a single
command over two lines without having to do anything special.
I’ll use these techniques throughout this book to show long lines of code
within a limited page width. Feel free to recombine the lines in your own
code if you like—there is no actual length limit on lines of code in VB.NET
and C#.
Conditional Logic
As you develop ASP.NET applications, there will be many instances in which
you’ll need to perform an action only if a certain condition is met, for instance,
if the user has checked a certain checkbox, selected a certain item from a
DropDownList control, or typed a certain string into a TextBox control.
We check for such things using conditionals, the simplest of which is probably
the If statement. This statement is often used in conjunction with an Else
statement, which specifies what should happen if the condition is not met. So,
for instance, we may wish to check if the name entered in a text box is "Zak," redirecting
to one page if it is, or else redirecting to an error page:
VB.NET
If (txtUsername.Text = "Zak") Then
Response.Redirect("ZaksPage.aspx")
Else
Response.Redirect("errorPage.aspx")
End If
C#
if (txtUsername.Text == "Zak") {
Response.Redirect("ZaksPage.aspx");
} else {
Response.Redirect("errorPage.aspx");
}
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Conditional Logic
Often, we want to check for one of many possibilities, and perform a particular
action in each case. In that event, we can use the Switch Case (VB.NET) or
switch (C#) construct:
VB.NET
Dim strName As String = txtUsername.Text
Select Case strName
Case "Zak"
Response.Redirect("ZaksPage.aspx")
Case "Mark"
Response.Redirect("MarksPage.aspx")
Case "Fred"
Response.Redirect("FredsPage.aspx")
Case Else
Response.Redirect("errorPage.aspx")
End Select
C#
string strName = txtUsername.Text;
switch (strName) {
case "Zak":
Response.Redirect("ZaksPage.aspx");
break;
case "Mark":
Response.Redirect("MarksPage.aspx");
break;
case "Fred":
Response.Redirect("FredsPage.aspx");
break;
default:
Response.Redirect("errorPage.aspx");
break;
}
Loops
As you’ve just seen, an If statement causes a code block to execute once if the
value of its test expression is true. Loops, on the other hand, cause a code block
to execute repeatedly for as long as the test expression remains true. There are
two basic kinds of loop:

While loops, also called Do loops, which sounds like something Betty Boop
might say!
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Chapter 3: VB.NET and C# Programming Basics

For loops, including For Next and For Each
A While loop is the simplest form of loop; it makes a block of code repeat for as
long as a particular condition is true. Here’s an example:
VB.NET
Dim Counter As Integer = 0
Do While Counter <= 10
' Convert out Integer to a String
lblMessage.Text = Counter.ToString()
' Below we use the += operator to increase our variable by 1
Counter += 1
Loop
C#
int counter = 0;
while (counter <= 10) {
// Below we use a sneaky way to convert our int to a string
lblMessage.Text = counter + "";
// C# has the operator ++ to increase a variable by 1
counter++;
}
You can try out this code—enter it inside a Page_Load subroutine of one of the
pages you’ve already created. The page illustrating Page_Load at the start of this
chapter would be ideal. Make sure you remove any other code in the subroutine,
and that there is an ASP.NET Label control in the HTML of the page with the
ID lblMessage. When you open the page, the label will be set to show the
number 0, then 1, then 2, all the way to 10. Of course, since all this happens in
Page_Load (i.e. before any output is sent to the browser), you’ll only see the last
value assigned, 10.
This demonstrates that the loop repeats until the condition is no longer met. Try
changing the code so that the counter variable is initialized to 20 instead of 10.
When you open the page now, you won’t see anything on screen, because the loop
condition was never met.
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Loops
There is another form of the While loop, called a Do While loop, which checks
if the condition has been met at the end of the code block, rather than at the beginning:
VB.NET
Dim Counter As Integer = 0
Do
' Convert our Integer to a String
lblMessage.Text = Counter.toString()
' Below we use the += operator to increase our variable by 1
Counter += 1
Loop While Counter <= 10
C#
int counter = 0;
do {
// Below we use a sneaky way to convert our int to a string
lblMessage.Text = counter + "";
// C# has the operator ++ to increase a variable by 1
counter++;
} while (counter <= 10);
If you run this code, you’ll see it provides the exact same output we saw when
we tested the condition before the code block. However, we can see the crucial
difference if we again change it so the counter variable is initialized to 20. In this
case, we will, in fact, see 20 on screen, because the loop code is executed once
before the condition is even checked! There are some instances when this is just
what we want, so being able to place the condition at the end of the loop can be
very handy.
A For loop is similar to a While loop, but is typically used when the number of
times we need it to execute is known beforehand. The following example displays
the count of items within a DropDownList control called ddlProducts:
VB.NET
Dim i As Integer
For i = 1 To ddlProducts.Items.Count
lblMessage.Text = i.toString()
Next
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Chapter 3: VB.NET and C# Programming Basics
C#
int i;
for (i = 1; i <= ddlProducts.Items.Count; i++) {
lblMessage.Text = Convert.ToString(i);
}
In VB.NET, the loop syntax specifies the starting and ending values for our
counter variable in the For statement itself. In C#, we assign a starting value (i
= 1), a condition to be tested each time through the loop, just like a While loop
(i <= ddlProducts.Items.Count), and how the counter variable should be incremented
after each loop (i++). While this allows for some powerful variations
on the theme in C#, it can be confusing at first. In VB.NET, the syntax is considerably
simpler, but can be a bit limiting in exceptional cases.
The other type of For loop is For Each, which loops through every item within
a collection. The following example loops through an array called arrayName:
VB.NET
For Each item In arrayName
lblMessage.Text = item
Next
C#
foreach (string item in arrayName) {
lblMessage.Text = item;
}
You may also come across instances in which you need to exit a loop prematurely.
In this case, you would use Exit (VB.NET) or break (C#) to terminate the loop:
VB.NET
Dim i As Integer
For i = 0 To 10
If (i = 5) Then
Response.Write("Oh no! Not the number 5!!")
Exit For
End If
Next
C#
int i;
for (i = 0; i <= 10; i++) {
if (i == 5) {
Response.Write("Oh no! Not the number 5!!");
break;
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Loops
}
}
In this case, as soon as our For loop hits 5, it displays a warning message, using
the Response.Write() method that will be familiar to those with past ASP experience,
and exits the loop so that no further passes through the loop will be
made.
Although we have only scratched the surface, VB.NET and C# provide a great
deal of power and flexibility to the Web developer, and time spent learning the
basics now will more than pay off in the future.
Understanding Namespaces
Because ASP.NET is part of the .NET Framework, we have access to all the
goodies that are built into it in the form of the .NET Framework Class Library.
This library represents a huge resource of tools and features in the form of classes,
all organized in a hierarchy of namespaces. When we want to use certain features
that .NET provides, we have only to find the namespace that contains that
functionality, and import that namespace into our ASP.NET page. Once we’ve
done that, we can make use of the .NET classes in that namespace to achieve
our own ends.
For instance, if we wanted to access a database from a page, we would import
the namespace that contains classes for this purpose, which happens to be the
System.Data.OleDb namespace. The dots (.) here indicate different levels of the
hierarchy I mentioned—in other words, the System.Data.OleDb namespace is
grouped within the System.Data namespace, which in turn is contained in the
System namespace.
To import a particular namespace into an ASP.NET page, we use the Import
directive. Consider the following excerpt from an ASP.NET page; it imports the
System.Data.OleDb namespace, which contains classes called OleDbConnection,
OleDbCommand, and OleDbDataReader. Importing the namespace lets us use these
classes in a subroutine to display records from an Access database:
VB.NET
<%@ Import Namespace="System.Data.OleDb" %>




C#
<%@ Import Namespace="System.Data.OleDb" %>




Don’t worry too much about the code right now (we cover this in detail in
Chapter 6). Suffice it to say that, as we’ve imported that namespace, we have
access to all the classes that it contains, and we can use them to get information
from an Access database for display on our page.
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Understanding Namespaces
Specifically, the classes from System.Data.OleDb that are used in the above code
are:
OleDbConnection Used for connecting to the database
OleDbCommand Used for creating a statement of contents to read from
the database.
OleDbConnection Used for connecting to the database
OleDbCommand Used for creating a statement of contents to read from
the database
OleDbDataReader Used for actually reading contents from database
Object Oriented Programming Concepts
VB.NET and C# are great programming languages because they offer a structured
way of programming. By structured, I mean that code is separated into modules,
where each module defines classes that can be imported and used in other modules.
Both languages are relatively simple to get started with, yet offer features
sophisticated enough for complex, large-scale enterprise applications.
The languages’ ability to support more complex applications—their scalability—
stems from the fact that both are object oriented programming (OOP)
languages. But ask a seasoned developer what OOP really is, and they’ll start
throwing out buzzwords and catch phrases that are sure to confuse you—terms
like polymorphism, inheritance, and encapsulation. In this section, I aim to
explain the fundamentals of OOP and how good OOP style can help you develop
better, more versatile Web applications down the road. This section will provide
a basic OOP foundation angled towards the Web developer. In particular, we’ll
cover the following concepts:

Objects

Properties

Methods

Classes

Scope
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Chapter 3: VB.NET and C# Programming Basics

Events

Inheritance
Objects
In OOP, one thinks of programming problems in terms of objects, properties,
and methods. The best way to get a handle on these terms is to consider a real
world object and show how it might be represented in an OOP program. Many
books use the example of a car to introduce OOP. I’ll try to avoid that analogy
and use something friendlier: my dog, an Australian Shepherd named Rayne.
Rayne is your average great, big, friendly, loving, playful mutt. You might describe
him in terms of his physical properties: he’s gray, white, brown, and black, stands
roughly one and a half feet high, and is about three feet long. You might also
describe some methods to make him do things: he sits when he hears the command
"Sit", lies down when he hears the command "Lie down", and comes when his
name is called.
So, if we were to represent Rayne in an OOP program, we’d probably start by
creating a class called Dog. A class describes how certain types of objects look
from a programming point of view. When we define a class, we must define the
following two things:
Properties Properties hold specific information relevant to that class
of object. You can think of properties as characteristics of
the objects that they represent. Our Dog class might have
properties such as Color, Height, and Length.
Methods Methods are actions that objects of the class can be told
to perform. Methods are subroutines (if they don’t return
a value) or functions (if they do) that are specific to a given
class. So the Dog class could have methods such as sit(),
and lie_down().
Once we’ve defined a class, we can write code that creates objects of that class,
using the class a little like a template. This means that objects of a particular
class expose (or make available) the methods and properties defined by that class.
So, we might create an instance of our Dog class called Rayne, set its properties
accordingly, and use the methods defined by the class to interact with Rayne, as
shown in Figure 3.3.
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Objects
Figure 3.3. The methods defined by the class interact with the
object.
This is just a simple example to help you visualize what OOP is all about. In the
next few sections, we’ll cover properties and methods in greater detail, talk about
classes and class instances, scope, events, and even inheritance.
Properties
As we’ve seen, properties are characteristics shared by all objects of a particular
class. In the case of our example, the following properties might be used to describe
any given dog:

Color

Height

Length
In the same way, the more useful ASP.NET Button class exposes properties including:
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Chapter 3: VB.NET and C# Programming Basics

Width

Height

ID

Text

ForeColor

BackColor
Unfortunately for me, if I get sick of Rayne’s color, I can’t change it. ASP.NET
objects, on the other hand, let us change their properties very easily in the same
way that we set variables. For instance, we’ve already used properties when setting
text for the Label control, which is actually an object of class Label in the
namespace System.Web.UI.WebControls:
VB.NET
lblMyText.Text = "Hello World"
C#
lblMyText.Text = "Hello World";
In this example, we’re using a Label control called lblMyText. Remember,
ASP.NET is all about controls, and, as it’s built on OOP, all control types are
represented as classes. In fact, as you’ll learn in Chapter 4, all interaction with
ASP.NET pages is handled via controls. When we place a control on a page, we
give it a name through its id attribute, and this ID then serves as the name of
the control. Rayne is an object. His name, or ID, is Rayne. Rayne has a height
of eighteen inches. The same holds true for the Label control. The Label control’s
name or ID in the previous example is lblMyText. Next, we use the dot operator
(.) to access the property Text that the object exposes and set it to the string
"Hello World."
Methods
With our dog example, we can make a particular dog do things by calling commands.
If I want Rayne to sit, I tell him to sit. If I want Rayne to lie down, I tell
him to lie down. In object oriented terms, I tell him what I want him to do by
calling a predefined command or method, and a resulting action is performed.
In VB.NET or C#, we would write this as rayne.Sit(), or rayne.LieDown().
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Methods
As Web developers, we frequently call methods when a given event occurs. For
instance, the example earlier in this chapter that took information from an Access
database created an object called objConn to represent the connection to the
database. We then opened the connection by calling the Open() method on that
object as follows:
VB.NET
Dim objConn As As New OleDbConnection(
"Provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;" & _
"Data Source=C:\Database\books.mdb")
…
objConn.Open()
We say that the Open() method is exposed by the connection object, and that
we’re calling the Open() method on the OleDbConnection object stored in
objConn. We don’t need to know what dark secrets the method uses to do its
magic; all we need to know is its name and what we use it for.
Classes
You can think of a class as a template for building as many objects as you like of
a particular type. When you create an instance of a class, you are creating an
object of that class, and the new object has all the characteristics and behaviors
(properties and methods) defined by the class.
In our dog example, Rayne was an instance of the Dog class as shown in Figure 3.4.
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Chapter 3: VB.NET and C# Programming Basics
Figure 3.4. A class serves as the blueprint for an object.
We see that Rayne is an object of class Dog. In our code, we could create a new
instance of the Dog class, call it rayne, and use all the properties and methods
exposed by the object.
In OOP, when we create new instances of a class, we say we’re instantiating
that class. For instance (no pun intended!), if we need to programmatically create
a new instance of the Button control class, we could write the following code:
VB.NET
Dim myButton As New Button()
C#
Button myButton = new Button();
As you can see, we’ve essentially created a new object called myButton from the
Button class. We can then access the properties and methods that the Button
exposes through our new instance:
VB.NET
myButton.Text = "Click Me!"
C#
myButton.Text = "Click Me!";
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Classes
Scope
You should now have a concept of programming objects as entities that exist in
a program and are manipulated through the methods and properties they expose.
However, in some cases, we want to create methods to use inside our class, which
are not available when that class is used in code. Let’s return to the Dog class to
illustrate.
Imagine we’re writing the Sit() method inside this class, and we realize that
before the dog can sit, it has to shuffle its back paws forward a little (Just bear
with me on this one…)! We could create a method called ShufflePaws(), then
call that method from inside the Sit() method. However, we don’t want code
in an ASP.NET page or in some other class to call this method—it’d just be silly.
We can prevent this by controlling the scope of that method.
The two types of scope available in VB.NET and C# that you should know about
are:
Public Defining a property or method of a class as public allows that
property or method to be called from outside the class itself. In
other words, if an instance of this class is created inside another
object (remember, too, that ASP.NET pages themselves are objects),
public methods and properties are freely available to the
code that created it. This is the default scope in VB.NET and C#
classes.
Private If a property or method of a class is private, it cannot be used
from outside the class itself. If an instance of this class is created
inside an object of a different class, the creating object has no
access to private methods or properties of the created object.
Events
We’ve covered events fairly well already. To sum up, events occur when a control
object sends a message in response to some change that has happened to it.
Generally, these changes occur as the result of user interaction with the control
in the browser. For instance, when a button is clicked, a Click event is raised,
and we can handle that event to perform some action. The object that triggers
the event is referred to as the event sender, while the object that receives the
event is referred to as the event receiver. You’ll learn more about these terms
in Chapter 4.
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Chapter 3: VB.NET and C# Programming Basics
Understanding Inheritance
The term inheritance refers to the ability for one class to use properties and
methods exposed by another class.
In our dog example, we first created a class called Dog, then created instances of
that class to represent individual dogs such as Rayne. However, dogs are types
of animals, and many characteristics of dogs are shared by all (or most) animals.
For instance, Rayne has four legs, two ears, one nose, two eyes, etc. It might be
better, then, for us to create a base class called Animal. When we then define
the Dog class, it would inherit from the Animal class, and all public properties
and methods of Animal would be available to instances of the Dog class.
Similarly, we could create a new class based on the Dog class. In programming
circles, this is called deriving a subclass from Dog. For instance, we might create
a class for Australian Shepherd and one for my other dog Amigo, called Chihuahua,
both of which would inherit the properties and methods of the Dog base
class, and define new ones specific to each breed.
Don’t worry too much if this is still a little unclear. The best way to appreciate
inheritance is to see it used in a real program. The most obvious use of inheritance
in ASP.NET comes with the technique of code-behind.
Separating Code From Content With
Code-Behind
Most companies that employ development teams usually split projects into two
groups, visual design and functional development, because software engineers
are usually poor designers, and designers are often poor engineers. Until now,
our ASP.NET pages have contained code render blocks that place VB.NET or
C# code directly within the ASP.NET page. The problem with this approach is
that there is no separation between the presentational elements of the page and
the application logic. Traditional ASP was infamous for creating “spaghetti” code,
which was scattered and intertwined throughout the presentation elements. This
made it very tricky to manage the code between development teams, as you’ll
know if you’ve ever tried to pick apart someone else’s ASP code. In response to
these problems, ASP.NET introduces a new way of developing pages that allows
code developers to work separately from the presentational designers who lay
out individual pages.
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Understanding Inheritance
This new method, called code-behind, keeps all of your presentational elements
(controls) inside the .aspx file, but moves all your code to a separate class in a
.vb or .cs code-behind file. Consider the following ASP.NET page, which displays
a simple button and label:
VB.NET

OnClick="Click" />






C#

OnClick="Click" />






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Chapter 3: VB.NET and C# Programming Basics
Let’s see how this example could be separated into the following two distinct
files:
sample.aspx layout, presentation, and static content
sample.vb code-behind files containing a custom page class
sample.cs
First, we take all the code and place it in the code-behind file (sample.vb or
sample.cs). This file is a pure code file, and contains no HTML or other markup
tags. What it does contain is a class definition. Nevertheless, we can still access
presentation elements from this file, using their IDs, such as lblMessage:
VB.NET File: sample.vb
' First off we import some useful namespaces
Imports System
Imports System.Web.UI
Imports System.Web.UI.WebControls
' All code-behind classes generally inherit from Page
Public Class Sample
Inherits Page
' Declare the presentation elements on the ASPX page
Protected WithEvents lblMessage As Label
Protected WithEvents btnSubmit As Button
' Here's the Click handler just as it appeared before
Sub Click(s As Object, e As EventArgs)
lblMessage.Text = "Hello World"
End Sub
End Class
C# File: sample.cs
// First off we import some useful namespaces
using System;
using System.Web.UI;
using System.Web.UI.WebControls;
// All code-behind classes generally inherit from Page
public class Sample : Page
{
// Declare the presentation elements on the ASPX page
protected Label lblMessage;
protected Button btnSubmit;
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Separating Code From Content With Code-Behind
// Here's the Click handler just as it appeared before
public void Click(Object s, EventArgs e) {
lblMessage.Text = "Hello World";
}
}
Without code, the main ASP.NET page becomes much simpler:
VB.NET File: sample.aspx
<%@ Page Inherits="Sample" Src="Sample.vb" %>

OnClick="Click" />






C# File: sample.aspx
<%@ Page Inherits="Sample" Src="Sample.cs" %>

OnClick="Click" />






As you can see, the only line that’s different between the .aspx pages is the Page
directive:
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Chapter 3: VB.NET and C# Programming Basics
VB.NET File: sample.aspx (excerpt)
<%@ Page Inherits="Sample" Src="Sample.vb" %>
C# File: sample.aspx (excerpt)
<%@ Page Inherits="Sample" Src="Sample.cs" %>
The only real change between the VB.NET and C# versions of the page is the
source filename extension. In both cases, the page inherits from the class Sample.
The code-behind file is written differently from what you’re used to seeing so far.
While we no longer need
C#

In this case, when the user clicks the button, the ServerClick event is raised,
the Click() subroutine is called to handle it, and the ID of the HtmlButton
control is written onto the screen with Response.Write() (the Write() method
of the Response object).
HtmlForm
The HtmlForm control creates a server-side

tag. Most HTML controls,
Web controls, etc., must be placed inside an HtmlForm control.
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Chapter 4: Web Forms and Web Controls

HtmlImage
The HtmlImage control creates a server-side tag. The following code shows
how we might place an HtmlImage control on a page, along with an HtmlButton:


The user could change this image dynamically by pressing the button if we add
code as follows:
VB.NET

C#

What will happen if these controls are placed on a page along with the script
block? First of all, the image arrow.gif will appear. When the HtmlButton
control is clicked, it changes to welcome.gif. Behind the scenes, the ServerClick
event is raised when the button is clicked, thus the Click() subroutine is called,
and the Src property of the HtmlImage control is changed from arrow.gif to
welcome.gif.
HtmlGenericControl
The HtmlGenericControl creates a server-side control for HTML tags that do
not have an HTML control associated with them. Perfect examples of this are
the and

tags. The following example illustrates how you can
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HtmlImage
modify text within a tag to change the content from I like ASP.NET to
Why would anyone need PHP? dynamically.
I like ASP.NET



We simply add the following code to respond to the ServerClick event and
change the text:
VB.NET

C#

HtmlInputButton
The HtmlInputButton control creates a server-side ,
, or HTML tag.



As with HtmlButton, you can assign a server-side event handler to controls of
this type with the OnServerClick attribute.
HtmlInputCheckBox
The HtmlInputCheckBox control creates a server-side
HTML tag.
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Chapter 4: Web Forms and Web Controls
/>ASP.NET

/>PHP

/>JSP

/>CGI

/>Coldfusion

The HtmlInputCheckBox control is the perfect choice when you want to allow
your users to select multiple items from a list.
HtmlInputFile
The HtmlInputFile control creates a server-side tag in
the HTML. This displays a text box and Browse button to allow users to upload
files from ASP.NET pages. There is no Web control equivalent for this tag, so
it’s typically required when working with file uploads—even with Web Forms
(which we’ll discuss shortly).

HtmlInputHidden
The HtmlInputHidden control creates a server-side tag.

Try viewing the source of any one of your ASP.NET pages from your browser,
and you’re likely to find this tag being used to store view state information.
HtmlInputImage
The HtmlInputImage control creates a server-side tag.
src="ButtonImage.jpg" />
This tag provides an alternative to the HtmlInputButton control. They both
function in the same way; the difference is that the HtmlInputImage control uses
a custom image rather than the beveled gray Windows-style button. The mouse
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HtmlInputFile
coordinates are also sent along with the form submission when the user clicks a
control of this type.
HtmlInputRadioButton
The HtmlInputRadioButton control creates a server-side radio button. The following
code, for instance, offers a choice of Male or Female:
Gender?

Male

Female
Similar to the HtmlInputCheckBox control, the HtmlInputRadioButton control
creates a list of items for users to choose from. The difference, however, is that
the user is only able to select one item at a time.
HtmlInputText
The HtmlInputText control creates a server-side or type="password"> tag.
Please Login

Username:



Password:


The preceding code creates a typical login screen layout.
HtmlSelect
The HtmlSelect control creates a server-side version of the tag for
creating drop-down lists or list boxes. The following code creates a drop-down
menu:
Select your favorite movie:


Star Wars
Spider Man
The Godfather
Lord of the Rings

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Chapter 4: Web Forms and Web Controls
The following code creates a multiple-selection list box:
Which of these movies do you like?


Star Wars
Spider Man
The Godfather
Lord of the Rings

You’ll notice the tag within the main tag; this is used to denote
each item to appear in the list box or drop-down menu.
HtmlTable, HtmlTableRow and HtmlTableCell
The HtmlTable, HtmlTableRow, and HtmlTableCell controls create server-side
versions of the , ,

, and

tags. The following code creates a server-side table: runat="server"> Table Data 1 Table Data 2 Table Data 3 Table Data 4 You could add the following code to respond to the Click event raised by the HtmlButton control and change the content of the first cell to read "Hello World." VB.NET 93 Order the print version of this book to get all 700+ pages! HtmlTable, HtmlTableRow and HtmlTableCell C# HtmlTextArea The HtmlTextArea control creates a server-side version of the tag.<br /><textarea cols="60" rows="10" runat="server"> We’ve glanced only briefly over the HTML controls, as they should all be fairly familiar from your experience with HTML. But if you’d like more information on the HTML controls including the properties, methods, and events for each, see Appendix A. Processing a Simple Form Now that you have a basic understanding of ASP.NET page structure, the languages VB.NET and C#, and HTML controls, let’s put everything together and create a simple ASP.NET application. The application that we will create, in VB.NET and C#, will be a simple survey form that uses the following HTML controls: HtmlForm HtmlButton HtmlInputText HtmlSelect Let’s begin by creating a new file within your favorite code editor. The following code creates the visual interface for the survey: File: SimpleForm.aspx (excerpt) … Order the print version of this book to get all 700+ pages! 94 Chapter 4: Web Forms and Web Controls Take the Survey! Name: Email: Which server technologies do you use? ASP.NET PHP JSP CGI Coldfusion Do you like .NET so far? Yes No From what we’ve already covered on HTML controls, you should have a good idea of what this page will look like. All we’ve done is place some HtmlInputText controls, an HtmlButton control, and an HtmlSelect control inside the obligatory HtmlForm control. Remember, HTML controls are essentially just HTML tags with the runat="server" attribute. When it’s complete, the interface will resemble Figure 4.1. 95 Order the print version of this book to get all 700+ pages! Processing a Simple Form Figure 4.1. Create the interface of the ASP.NET page using HTML controls. When users click the button, we’ll simply display their responses in their browsers. In a real application, we’d probably be more likely to save this to a database and perhaps show the results as a chart. Whatever the case, we’d access the properties of the HTML controls as shown in the following code: VB.NET File: SimpleForm.aspx (excerpt) Order the print version of this book to get all 700+ pages! 96 Chapter 4: Web Forms and Web Controls C# File: SimpleForm.aspx (excerpt) Just as you’ve seen with examples from previous chapters, we place our VB.NET and C# code inside a server-side script block within the part of the page. Next, we create a new Click event handler which takes the two usual parameters. Finally, we use the Response object’s Write() method to print out the user’s responses within the page. Once you’ve written the code, you can save your work and test the results from your browser. Enter some information and click the button. What you type in should appear at the top of the page when the button is clicked. Introduction to Web Forms With the inception of new technologies, there’s always new terminology to master. ASP.NET is no different. With ASP.NET, even the simplest terms that were previously used to describe a Web page have changed to reflect the processes that occur within them. Before we begin to describe the process followed by Web Forms, let’s discuss the foundation concept of Web pages. On the most basic level, a Web page is a text file that contains markup. Web pages are meant to be viewed from a browser window, which parses the file containing markup to present the information to the user in the layout envisaged by the developer. Web pages can include text, video, sound, animations, graphics, and even chunks of "code" from a variety of technologies. An HTML form, as you learned in the previous sections, is a page that contains one or more form elements grouped together within an HTML tag. Users interact with the various form elements to make certain choices, or provide certain information; this information is then sent to the server for processing upon the click of a submit button. This is useful to us as ASP.NET developers because regular HTML forms have a built-in mechanism that allows forms to be submitted to the server. Once the form has been submitted, some kind of extra techno- 97 Order the print version of this book to get all 700+ pages! Introduction to Web Forms logy—in this case, ASP.NET—needs to be present on the server to perform the actual form processing. In ASP.NET, we call Web pages Web Forms; they contain presentational elements (ASP.NET Web controls) in an HTML form, as well as any code (the processing logic) we’ve added for the page’s dynamic features. A typical Web Form is shown in Figure 4.2: Figure 4.2. A Web Form contains code for processing logic and Web controls for presentational purposes. The next section looks at the various Web controls and how they may be used within your Web Forms. They’re very similar in appearance to HTML, so you shouldn’t have any trouble coming to grips with them. Introduction to Web Controls As we’ve just seen, Web Forms allow users to interact with our site using Web controls. With Web controls, Microsoft basically reinvented HTML from scratch. For example, it created two different Web controls that correspond to the two different versions of the HTML tag: a DropDownList control and a ListBox control. This means there isn’t a direct one-to-one correspondence Order the print version of this book to get all 700+ pages! 98 Chapter 4: Web Forms and Web Controls between the Web controls and standard HTML tags, as there is with HTML controls. Web controls follow the same basic pattern as HTML tags, but the tag name is preceded by asp: and the name is capitalized using "CamelCasing." Consider the HTML tag, which creates an input text box on screen: The equivalent Web control is the TextBox control, and it would look like this: Note that, unlike many HTML tags, Web controls always require a closing tag (the part above). We can also use the shorthand /> syntax if our Web control tag doesn’t contain anything between its opening and closing tags. So, we could also write this TextBox like so: To sum up, the key points to remember when working with Web controls are: All Web controls must be placed within a tag to function properly. All Web controls require id and runat="server" properties to function properly. All Web controls follow the same pattern, but different properties (attributes) are available to different controls. They all start with the asp prefix, followed by a colon. There are more Web controls than HTML controls, and some offer advanced features that simply aren’t available in HTML alone. Controls that we’ll discuss in this and future chapters are as follows: basic Web controls (Chapter 4) validation Web controls (Chapter 5) data controls (Chapter 9) user controls (Chapter 16) 99 Order the print version of this book to get all 700+ pages! Introduction to Web Controls rich controls (Chapter 16) Basic Web Controls The basic Web controls perform the on-screen layout of a Web page, and mirror in many ways the HTML controls that are based on regular HTML. However, they offer some new refinements and enhancements, and should be used in place of HTML whenever possible. In this section, we’ll look at the controls in this group, namely: Label TextBox Button Image ImageButton LinkButton HyperLink RadioButton RadioButtonList CheckBox CheckBoxList DropDownList ListBox Panel PlaceHolder Order the print version of this book to get all 700+ pages! 100 Chapter 4: Web Forms and Web Controls Label The easiest way to display static text on your page is simply to add the text to the body of the page without enclosing it in any tag. However, if you want to modify the text displayed on a page from ASP.NET code, you can display your text within a Label control. Here’s a typical example: The following code sets the Text property of the Label control to display the text “Hello World”: VB.NET Public Sub Page_Load() lblMessage.Text = "Hello World" End Sub C# public void Page_Load() { lblMessage.Text = "Hello World"; } Reading this Page_Load() handler code, we can see that when the page first loads, the Text property of the Label control with the ID of lblMessage will be set to “Hello World.” TextBox The TextBox control is used to create on screen a box in which the user can type or read standard text. This Web control can be set to display a standard HTML text input field, an HTML password field, or an HTML text area, using the TextMode property. The following code shows how we might use it in a simple login page: Username: runat="server" /> Password: runat="server" /> Comments: 101 Order the print version of this book to get all 700+ pages! Label Rows="10" runat="server" /> In each of the three instances above, the attribute TextMode dictates the kind of text box to render. Button By default, the Button control renders the same form submit button that’s rendered by the HTML tag. When a button is clicked, the form containing the button is submitted to the server for processing, and both click and command events are raised. The following code displays a Button control and a Label: OnClick="WriteText" /> Notice the OnClick attribute on the control. Unlike the HtmlButton HTML control, OnClick assigns a server-side event handler—there is no need to remember to use OnServerClick. When the button is clicked, the Click event is raised and the WriteText() subroutine is called. The WriteText() subroutine will contain the code that performs the intended function for this button, such as displaying a message for the user: VB.NET Public Sub WriteText(s As Object, e As EventArgs) lblMessage.Text = "Hello World" End Sub C# public void WriteText(Object s, EventArgs e) { lblMessage.Text = "Hello World"; } It’s important to realize that most Web controls have events associated with them, and the basic idea and techniques are the same as for the Click event of the Button control. Image An Image control places on the page an image that can be accessed dynamically from code; it equates to the tag in HTML. Here’s an example: Order the print version of this book to get all 700+ pages! 102 Chapter 4: Web Forms and Web Controls AlternateText="description" /> ImageButton An ImageButton control is similar to a Button control, but it uses an image you supply in place of the typical gray Windows-style button. For example: runat="server" /> LinkButton A LinkButton control renders a hyperlink on your page. From the point of view of ASP.NET code, LinkButtons can be treated in much the same way as buttons, hence the name. /> HyperLink The HyperLink control, which is similar to the LinkButton control, creates a hyperlink on your page. It’s simpler and faster to process than LinkButton, but, unlike the LinkButton control, which offers features such as Click events and validation, HyperLink can be used only to click and navigate from one page to the next. ImageUrl="myButton.gif" runat="server">My Link The ImageUrl attribute, if specified, causes the control to display a linked image instead of the text provided. RadioButton You can add individual radio buttons to your page one by one, using the RadioButton control. Radio buttons are grouped together using the GroupName property. Only one RadioButton control from each group can be selected at a time. Text="San Diego" runat="server" /> 103 Order the print version of this book to get all 700+ pages! ImageButton runat="server" /> runat="server" /> runat="Server" /> The main event associated with RadioButtons is the CheckChanged event; which can be handled with the OnCheckChanged attribute. RadioButtonList Like the RadioButton control, the RadioButtonList control represents radio buttons. However, the RadioButtonList control represents a list of radio buttons and uses more compact syntax. Here’s an example: One of the great features of the RadioButtonList is its ability to bind to a data source. For instance, imagine you have a list of employees in a database. You could create a page that binds a selection from that database to the RadioButtonList control, to list dynamically certain employees within the control. The user would then be able to select one (and only one) employee from that list, and our code could determine the choice. The most useful event produced by RadioButtonList is the SelectedIndexChanged event, to which you can assign a handler with the OnSelectedIndexChanged attribute CheckBox You can use a CheckBox control to represent a choice that can be only a yes (checked) or no (unchecked) value. /> As with the RadioButton control, he main event associated with a CheckBox is the CheckChanged event; which can be handled with the OnCheckChanged attribute. Order the print version of this book to get all 700+ pages! 104 Chapter 4: Web Forms and Web Controls CheckBoxList As you may have guessed, the CheckBoxList control represents a group of check boxes; it’s equivalent to using several CheckBox controls in row: Like the RadioButtonList control, the CheckBoxList control has the capability to bind to a data source, and produces a SelectedIndexChanged event that you can handle with OnSelectedIndexChanged. DropDownList A DropDownList control is similar to the HTML tag. The DropDownList control allows you to select one item from a list using a drop-down menu. As is the case with other collection-based controls, such as the CheckBoxList and RadioButtonList controls, the DropDownList control can be bound to a database, thus allowing you to extract dynamic content into a drop-down menu. The main event produced by this control, as you might expect, is SelectedIndexChanged, handled with OnSelectedIndexChanged. ListBox A ListBox control equates to the HTML tag with the size attribute set to 2 or more. The ListBox control allows you to select items from a multiline menu. If you set the SelectionMode attribute to Multiple, the user will be able to select more than one item from the list, as in this example: SelectionMode="Multiple"> 105 Order the print version of this book to get all 700+ pages! CheckBoxList Again, because the ListBox control is a collection-based control, it can be dynamically bound to a data source. The most useful event that this control provides is—you guessed it—SelectedIndexChanged, with the corresponding OnSelectedIndexChanged attribute. Panel The Panel control functions similarly to the tag in HTML, in that the set of items that resides within the tag can be manipulated as a group. For instance, the Panel could be made visible or hidden by a Button’s Click event: Username: Password: Columns="30" runat="server" /> runat="server" /> The code above creates two TextBox controls within a Panel control. The Button control is outside of the panel. The HidePanel() subroutine would then control the Panel’s visibility by setting its Visible property to False: VB.NET Public Sub HidePanel(s As Object, e As EventArgs) pnlMyPanel.Visible = False End Sub C# public void HidePanel(Object s, EventArgs e) { pnlMyPanel.Visible = false; } In this case, when the user clicks the button, the Click event is raised and the HidePanel() subroutine is called, which sets the Visible property of the Panel control to False. Order the print version of this book to get all 700+ pages! 106 Chapter 4: Web Forms and Web Controls PlaceHolder The PlaceHolder control lets us add elements at a particular place on a page at any time, dynamically, through code. The following code dynamically adds a new HtmlButton control within the place holder. VB.NET Public Sub Page_Load() Dim btnButton As HtmlButton = New HtmlButton() btnButton.InnerText = "My New Button" phMyPlaceHolder.Controls.Add(btnButton) End Sub C# public void Page_Load() { HtmlButton btnButton = new HtmlButton(); btnButton.InnerText = "My New Button"; phMyPlaceHolder.Controls.Add(btnButton); } That’s it for our quick tour of the basic Web controls. For more information on Web controls, including the properties, methods, and events for each, have a look at Appendix B. Handling Page Navigation Links from page to page are what drives the Web. Without linking, the Web would be little more than a simple page-based information source. Links enable us to move effortlessly from page to page with a single click; they bridge the gaps between related ideas, regardless of the boundaries imposed by geography and politics. This section focuses on page navigability using: the HyperLink control navigation objects and their methods Suppose for a minute that you have created a Website that allows your users to choose from a selection of items on one page. You could call this page viewcatalog. aspx. Imagine that you have a second page, called viewcart.aspx. Once 107 Order the print version of this book to get all 700+ pages! PlaceHolder users select an item from viewcatalog.aspx, you’d probably want to link them directly to viewcart.aspx so that they can keep track of their orders. To achieve this, we clearly must pass the information from the viewcatalog.aspx page over to the viewcart.aspx page. Using The HyperLink Control The HyperLink control creates a simple HTML hyperlink on a page. Once it’s clicked, the user is redirected to the page specified by the NavigateUrl property. For instance: runat="server" Text="View Cart" /> Here, the NavigateUrl property specifies that this link leads to the page called viewcart.aspx. Figure 4.3 shows how the HyperLink control is rendered in the browser. Figure 4.3. The HyperLink control renders similar to the anchor tag in the browser. However, once we’ve arrived at the new page, it has no way of accessing the information from the first page. If we need to provide the user some continuity of information, we need something else. Navigation Objects And Their Methods The previous example rendered a simple control similar to the HTML anchor tag. Once the link is followed, however, we have no record of the previous page or any data it contained (the Web is a stateless technology). Order the print version of this book to get all 700+ pages! 108 Chapter 4: Web Forms and Web Controls If we wish to pass information from one page to the next, we can use one of the three methods listed below to create the link between the pages: Response.Redirect() Navigates to a second page from code. This is equivalent to using the HyperLink control, but allows us to set parameters on the query string dynamically. Server.Transfer() Ends the current Web Form and begins executing a new Web Form. This method only works when the user is navigating to a new Web Form page (.aspx). Server.Execute() Begins executing a new Web Form while displaying the current Web Form. The contents of both forms are combined in the response sent to the browser. Again, this method only works when the user is navigating to a Web Forms page (.aspx). The easiest and quickest way to redirect your users from the viewcatalog.aspx page to the viewcart.aspx page would be using Reponse.Redirect(): VB.NET Sub linkClk(s As Object, e As EventArgs) Response.Redirect("viewcart.aspx") End Sub C# void linkClk(Object s, EventArgs e) { Response.Redirect("viewcart.aspx"); } You could then use the LinkButton control to call this subroutine as follows: OnClick="linkClk" runat="server"/> This time, when you click the LinkButton control, the Click event is raised, the subroutine is called, and Response.Redirect() is called with the name of the page we want to link to as a parameter. In this way, we’re redirecting to the new page directly from the code, rather than by using a particular tag. This enables us to pass information to the new page in the query string. The query string is a list of variables and their respective values that we can append to a page’s URL, allowing us to retrieve those variables and values from that page’s code. 109 Order the print version of this book to get all 700+ pages! Navigation Objects And Their Methods As an illustration, imagine you have a drop-down list that contains the following product information: OnClick="linkClk" runat="server" /> The code you use to handle link clicks will need to find the item selected in the drop-down list and append it to the query string of the URL to which the user is to be redirected, as follows: VB.NET Sub linkClk(s As Object, e As EventArgs) Dim strQueryStr As String = "?Product=" & _ Server.UrlEncode(ddlProducts.SelectedItem.Text) Response.Redirect("viewcart.aspx" & strQueryStr) End Sub C# void linkClk(Object s, EventArgs e) { string strQueryStr = "?Product=" + Server.UrlEncode(ddlProducts.SelectedItem.Text); Response.Redirect("viewcart.aspx" + strQueryStr); } Note the use of the Server.UrlEncode() method, which converts characters not allowed in query string values (e.g. &) to URL-safe character codes (e.g. %26) that the browser will understand. You should always use this method when adding arbitrary values to query strings. When a user selects an item from the drop-down list and clicks the LinkButton control, the viewcart.aspx page is opened with the selected product appended as a parameter of the query string. This is illustrated in Figure 4.4. Figure 4.4. Append the selected item to the query string. Order the print version of this book to get all 700+ pages! 110 Chapter 4: Web Forms and Web Controls Now that you’ve passed the product to the viewcart.aspx page, you have to grab it from the query string in the new page. We get hold of variables from the query string by accessing the Request.QueryString collection, like so: VB.NET Sub Page_Load() lblResult.Text = Request.QueryString("Product") End Sub C# void Page_Load() { lblResult.Text = Request.QueryString["Product"]; } Here, we simply display the value of the Product query string parameter, as we see in Figure 4.5. Figure 4.5. Set the text property of the label control within a Page_Load event handler to accept the new parameter value. Now, when you select a product and add it to the cart, the result is displayed in the redirected page on a label with an id of lblResult. Now sure, a real product 111 Order the print version of this book to get all 700+ pages! Navigation Objects And Their Methods catalog and shopping cart has a lot more to it, but in this section we’ve uncovered an important building block. Postback Postback can be confusing to newcomers because, while most ASP.NET developers know what it is, they can’t seem to explain it clearly. The topics we’ve covered so far, like subroutines, functions, and events, are not new to most Web developers. HTML, in combination with client-side JavaScript, has been doing all that for years. ASP.NET is different to this model, though, because it is a serverside, not client-side, technology—events that occur on a page are handled by code running on the server. For this to work, ASP.NET uses the mechanism of postback. When an event is triggered, for instance, a button is clicked, or an item in a grid is selected, the page is submitted back to the server for processing, along with information about the event and any preexisting data on the page (via view state). We say the page “posts back” to the server. This is a powerful concept to grasp because it is postback that lets us run code on the server rather than on the client’s browser, and it is postback that lets our server code know which items within a drop-down list were selected, or what information a user typed into a text box. But what would happen if you had multiple DropDownList controls that were populated with database data? Users could interact with those DropDownList controls and, in turn, we could set certain options within the page based on what they selected from the drop-down menus. Although this seems like a common task, with traditional ASP it incurred considerable overhead. The problem is that while the data that’s bound to the drop-down menu from the database never changes, every time the user selects an item from the drop-down menu and a postback has to be done, the database must be accessed again to rebuild the contents of each drop-down list on the page. However, this is not a problem in ASP.NET. In ASP.NET we can check for postback with the IsPostBack property, and thus avoid performing any time consuming tasks unnecessarily. IsPostBack is a pagelevel property—meaning that it’s a property of the page itself—and we’d most commonly use it in the Page_Load() event handler to execute code only when the page is first loaded. Consider the following example: VB.NET File: PostBack.aspx Order the print version of this book to get all 700+ pages! 112 Chapter 4: Web Forms and Web Controls Not Checking for postback: Checking for postback: C# File: PostBack.aspx Not Checking for postback: Checking for postback: 113 Order the print version of this book to get all 700+ pages! Postback The result will look similar to Figure 4.6. Figure 4.6. The IsPostBack property checks to make sure the user isn’t resubmitting the page. In this example, the IsPostBack check means that the second label doesn’t refresh when the Button control is clicked. Similarly, we could use IsPostBack within the Page_Load() subroutine to set up database-driven drop-down menus just once within each user’s session, making the online experience smoother, and making our application more scalable. Don’t worry if postback seems a bit confusing now—we’ll use it more in upcoming chapters, so if it doesn’t yet, it should make sense after a few more practical examples. Formatting Controls with CSS HTML was deliberately designed to pay little attention to the specifics of how particular items on a page were rendered. It is left up to the individual browser to work out these intricacies, and tailor the output to the limitations and strengths of the user’s machine. While we can change font styles, sizes, colors, and so on using HTML tags, this is a practice that can lead to verbose code and pages that are very hard to restyle at a later date. The Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) language aims to provide the degree of control, flexibility, and pizzazz that modern Web designers seek. It’s a standard that’s widely supported by all the popular browsers, in its oldest version (CSS1) at the very least. CSS is a powerful tool for Web developers because it gives us the power to create one set of styles in a single sheet, and apply those styles to all the pages in our Order the print version of this book to get all 700+ pages! 114 Chapter 4: Web Forms and Web Controls Website. All the pages then use the same fonts, colors, and sizes for the same sections, giving the site a consistent feel throughout. Regardless of whether our site contains three pages or three hundred, when we alter the styles in the style sheet, those changes are immediately applied to all pages based on that style sheet. Types of Styles and Style Sheets There are three different ways of associating styles to elements of a particular Web page. I’ve already mentioned the first, and usually the best, which is an external file: External File By placing your style rules in an external style sheet, you can link this one file to any Web pages where you want those styles to be used. This makes updating a Website’s overall look a cakewalk. Document Wide Rather than having an external sheet, you can place style rules for a page within a When you’re using inline styles, use the following syntax: My Stylized Text For inline styles, simply add all properties to the tag in question with the style attribute. Above, we’ve used the tag, but the principle remains the same for the other tags. Order the print version of this book to get all 700+ pages! 116 Chapter 4: Web Forms and Web Controls Now that you have a basic understanding of some of the fundamental concepts behind CSS, let’s look at the different types of styles that can be used within our ASP.NET applications. Style Properties There are many different types of properties that you can modify using style sheets. Below is a list of the common types: Font This category provides you with the ability to format text level elements, including their font face, size, decoration, weight, color, etc. Background This category allows you to customize backgrounds for objects and text. Modifying these values gives you control over the color, image, and whether or not you want to repeat an image. Block This category allows you to modify the spacing between paragraphs, lines of text, and spaces between text and words. Box The box category provides changes and customizations for tables. If you need to modify borders, padding, spacing, and colors on a table, row, or cell, you can modify elements within this category. Border This category lets you draw boxes of different colors, styles and thicknesses around page elements. List This category allows you to customize the way ordered and unordered lists are created. Positioning Modifying positioning allows you to move and position tags and controls freely. These categories provide a list of what can generally be modified using CSS. As we progress through the book, the many types of properties will become evident. 117 Order the print version of this book to get all 700+ pages! Style Properties The CssClass Property Once you have defined a class in a style sheet (be it external or internal), you’ll want to begin associating that class with elements in your Web Forms. You can associate classes with ASP.NET Web controls using the CssClass property. The following example uses classes defined within a document-wide style sheet: Please select a product: runat="server"> /> Text="Add To Cart" /> Order the print version of this book to get all 700+ pages! 118 Chapter 4: Web Forms and Web Controls A Navigation Menu and Web Form for the Intranet Application Now that you have a solid foundation in HTML controls, Web Forms, Web controls, Page Interaction, Navigation, and Style Sheets, you’re ready to begin working on the project that we’ll build on throughout the remainder of this book. With the Dorknozzle Intranet Application, I hope to introduce you to real world development in simple stages, as we work through the following chapters together. Introducing the Dorknozzle Intranet Application While most books give you a series of simple, isolated examples to illustrate particular techniques, this book is a little different. Many of the examples provided in these pages will involve work on a single project—an intranet application for the fictional Dorknozzle company. We’ll build on this application as we go along, illustrating the many different concepts that are important to developers of any type of Web application. The intranet application we’ll develop will offer the following functionality: Welcome Displays company event information to the user of the Web application. Helpdesk Allows any Dorknozzle employees to submit a problem as a helpdesk ticket to an IT administrator regarding issues they experience with software, hardware, or their computer. Employee Store Employee stores boost company morale. By building an online store, we’ll allow Dorknozzle employees to buy life-enriching items such as mugs, shirts, and mouse pads. All will proudly bear the Dorknozzle logo, of course! Newsletter Archive Another way to improve morale is to keep employees informed of company events and news. Each month, 119 Order the print version of this book to get all 700+ pages! A Navigation Menu and Web Form for the Intranet Application the Dorknozzle HR Manager will send out a company newsletter to all employees. Employee Directory Employees will likely want to call each other to discuss important, company-related affairs… such as last night’s television viewing! The employee directory should let employees find other staff members’ details. Address Book While the employee directory houses handy information for use by staff, the purpose of the address book is to provide more detailed information about all of the employees within the company Admin Tools Administrators will need a way to modify closed helpdesk tickets, delete the records of fired employees, create newly hired employees’ profiles, modify information on current employees, and more. The admin tools section will provide the interface for this. Before we can begin creating all these smaller applications, we must build the framework that will act as a template across the site. In this section, we’ll accomplish the following introductory tasks for the development of our intranet application: Build the navigation menu. Create the style sheet. Design the template and Web Form for the helpdesk application. Building the Navigation Menu Once it’s complete, our fictitious intranet application will have modules for an IT helpdesk, employee store, newsletter archive, employee directory, address book, and admin console. Obviously, we’re going to need some kind of navigation menu to make those sub-applications simple to find. Throughout this chapter, we’ve studied numerous ways of navigating from page to page, and we could use any of these methods here. We’ve discussed controls such as the Button control, HyperLink control, and LinkButton control, and we’ve explored various objects and methods for navigating from code. Although all these would work to a certain degree, in this case, only one makes the most sense in terms of performance and practicality. Order the print version of this book to get all 700+ pages! 120 Chapter 4: Web Forms and Web Controls Before we begin, you’ll want to obtain the necessary files from the code archive for this book. The files for this chapter include a starting template that you can use for this project, as well as the complete version in case you run into problems. Because we’re not submitting any data for processing, we can eliminate the Button and LinkButton controls; each involves extra work from the server in order to process the Click event it raises. As we only want to link from one page to the next, and don’t care about performing any tasks programmatically, we can use the simpler HyperLink control instead. Remember, we add a HyperLink control to the page by inserting the following code inside the form: Text="Home" /> This would add a link that showed the text “Home.” Open up your text editor and create a new file with the standard HTML tags required by ASP.NET pages, including an empty form with a runat="server" attribute. Inside this form, add the HyperLink controls for helpdesk, employee store, newsletter archive, employee directory, address book, and admin tools, like so: File: index.aspx (excerpt) / /> /> / /> Text="HelpDesk" /> / /> Text="Employee Store" /> / /> Text="Newsletter Archive" /> 121 Order the print version of this book to get all 700+ pages! Building the Navigation Menu / /> Text="Employee Directory" /> / /> Text="Address Book" /> / /> Text="Admin Tools" /> Once the links have been added to the page and you’ve placed the book_closed.gif file in a subdirectory called Images, you could save your work (as index.aspx) and view the results in your browser. At this stage, however, it would look fairly bland. What we need is a few pretty graphics to provide visual appeal! Although modern Web design practices would have us use CSS for our page layout and visual design, we’ll resort to HTML tables here in order to stay focused on the server-side aspects of our application. Open index.aspx and create the following two regular (i.e. not server-side) HTML tables at the very start of the page body: File: index.aspx (excerpt) background="Images/header_bg.gif"> alt="the official dorknozzle company intranet" / /> Order the print version of this book to get all 700+ pages! 122 Chapter 4: Web Forms and Web Controls width="157" height="37" alt="" / /> We’ll want to place our links in a table too. While we’re there, we’ll add some news items to the main index page. Open up index.aspx once more, and place the following HTML table around the links we’ve already added: File: index.aspx (excerpt) … Company News: We'll add some news later. Company Events: We'll add company events later. The result will look similar to Figure 4.7. 123 Order the print version of this book to get all 700+ pages! Building the Navigation Menu Figure 4.7. Add HyperLink controls for the Intranet navigation menu. Isn’t it amazing the difference some well-chosen graphics can make? Don’t forget to place the pictures from the download in the Images subdirectory. You can, of course, find the completed source in the code archive, although I do recommend you type the code in yourself as we progress, for practice value. Create the Corporate Style Sheet If you don’t mind the ordinary look of standard Web pages, then you can skip this section. If, however, you don’t like standard blue hyperlinks, black, Times New Roman text, and beveled form controls, this section is for you. As you’ve already read, style sheets provide developers with flexibility and control over the "look" of Web applications. In this section, we’ll explore the addition of a customizable style sheet to our fictitious intranet application. We will define styles for the following elements within our application: Hyperlinks Text (including body text and headings) Boxed controls (including text boxes and drop-down menus) Order the print version of this book to get all 700+ pages! 124 Chapter 4: Web Forms and Web Controls You can start by creating the CSS file that the styles will reside in. I’ve opened Notepad and immediately saved the file as styles.css within the root directory of the application, as shown in Figure 4.8. Figure 4.8. Open Notepad and save the file as styles.css within the root directory of the application folder. Now, let’s apply some style properties to the following tags: body p h1 a:link a:hover 125 Order the print version of this book to get all 700+ pages! Create the Corporate Style Sheet You’ll notice the a:link and a:hover items in this list, which are not strictlyspeaking tags. In the world of CSS, these are known as a pseudo-elements. a:link narrows the selection to tags that are links (as opposed to name="…"> tags, which are targets). Assigning properties to a:hover will apply those properties only to links over which the user is hovering the mouse. We’ll also define a few classes for certain Web controls that don’t map directly to a particular HTML tag: .textbox For controls, which become type="text"> and tags when sent to the<br />browser.<br />.button For <asp:button> controls, which become <input<br />type="button">, <input type="submit">, and<br /><input type="reset"> tags.<br />.dropdownmenu For <asp:dropdownlist> controls, which become<br /><select> tags.<br />Below is the code for the CSS rules that will apply the desired basic formatting<br />to our site. Type the following just as it appears into your styles.css file:<br />body {<br />background: #FFFFFF;<br />color: #000000;<br />margin: 0;<br />padding: 0;<br />}<br />p {<br />font-family: Arial;<br />font-size: 12px;<br />}<br />h1 {<br />font-family: Arial;<br />font-size: 14px;<br />color: #000000;<br />}<br />a:link {<br />font-family: Arial;<br />font-size: 12px;<br />color: #000000;<br />}<br />a:hover {<br />font-family: Arial;<br />Order the print version of this book to get all 700+ pages! 126<br />Chapter 4: Web Forms and Web Controls<br />font-size: 12px;<br />color: #FF0000;<br />}<br />.textbox {<br />font-family: Arial;<br />font-size: 12px;<br />border: 1px solid black;<br />}<br />.button {<br />font-family: Arial;<br />border: 1px solid black;<br />background-color: #CCCCCC;<br />}<br />.dropdownmenu {<br />font-family: Arial;<br />font-size: 12px;<br />background-color: #CCCCCC;<br />}<br />Now that the style sheet file has been created, we can link the style sheet file to<br />index.aspx by inserting the following line into the <head> tag of the document:<br /><link href="styles.css" rel="stylesheet"><br />We’ll need to assign the CSS classes we have defined (textbox, button, and<br />dropdownmenu) to relevant controls as we create them, but for now our simple<br />HTML template will automatically benefit from the tags we have redefined.<br />Remember, we’re not limited to these styles. If, throughout the development of<br />our application, we decide to add more styles, we’ll simply need to open the<br />styles.css file and add them as necessary.<br />You can save your work at this point, and view it in the browser.<br />Design the Web Form for the Helpdesk<br />Application<br />The last part of the project is to add the employee Helpdesk request Web Form.<br />This will be a Web page that allows our fictitious employees to report hardware,<br />software, and workstation problems. The Web Form will be arranged as a series<br />of simple steps that users can follow to report their problems:<br />127 Order the print version of this book to get all 700+ pages!<br />Design the Web Form for the Helpdesk Application<br /> Pick from a predefined category of potential problem areas. (DropDownList<br />control)<br /> Pick from predefined subjects within the categories. (DropDownList control)<br /> Type a description of the problem. (Multiline TextBox control)<br /> Submit the request. (Button control)<br />Rather than creating a new, blank page and retyping all the code, you can simply<br />copy index.aspx and rename it helpdesk.aspx (or save a copy with the new<br />name if it’s already open in your editor). The only portion of the code that will<br />change to accommodate the HelpDesk interface is the last table in the body—the<br />one that contains the news items on index.aspx. Everything else stays the same,<br />because we want to have a single look for all our pages2. Change the final column<br />in the table to create two drop-down lists, a multiline text box, and a button, as<br />shown:<br /><!-- End HyperLink controls --><br /></td><br /><td valign="top"><br /><h1>Employee HelpDesk Request</h1><br /><p>Problem Category:<br /><br /><asp:DropDownList id="ddlCategory" CssClass="dropdownmenu"<br />runat="server" /></p><br /><p>Problem Subject:<br /><br /><asp:DropDownList id="ddlSubject" CssClass="dropdownmenu"<br />runat="server" /></p><br /><p>Problem Description:<br /><br /><asp:TextBox id="txtDescription" CssClass="textbox"<br />Columns="40" Rows="4" TextMode="MultiLine"<br />runat="server" /></p><br /><p><asp:Button id="btnSubmit" CssClass="button"<br />Text="Submit Request" runat="server" /></p><br /></td><br />Notice how we’ve applied our CSS classes to the appropriate controls here.<br />Don’t worry that the DropDownList controls don’t have items associated with<br />them—the categories and subjects will be predefined within database tables.<br />Later, we’ll bind these database tables to their respective controls.<br />When you’re finished, save your work and view it in a browser.<br />2We’ll see better ways to do this in later chapters…<br />Order the print version of this book to get all 700+ pages! 128<br />Chapter 4: Web Forms and Web Controls<br />Summary<br />In this chapter, we discussed HTML controls, Web Forms, and Web controls.<br />We also explored how to link between pages, and how to add style to controls.<br />You even built your first project, putting together the information you’ve learned<br />in this and previous chapters.<br />Your Web application efforts will focus predominantly on Web controls. In the<br />next chapter, we’ll learn how to check user input on those Web controls through<br />the use of the ASP.NET validation controls.<br />129 Order the print version of this book to get all 700+ pages!<br />Summary<br />130<br />Index<br />Symbols<br />&= operator, 567<br />', comments in VB.NET, 35<br />+= operator, 567<br />//, comments in C#, 35<br />== operator, 64<br />@ symbol, denoting parameters, 257<br />A<br /><a> tag and the HtmlAnchor control,<br />87<br />a:hover and a:link pseudo-elements,<br />126<br />ABS function, SQL, 235<br />Access databases<br />character matching, 226<br />creating relationships, 189<br />creating tables, 170<br />creating the Dorknozzle database,<br />165<br />data modelling, MSDE and, 18<br />data types, 170<br />database diagrams, 186, 191<br />Datasheet View, 178, 207<br />defining primary keys, 184<br />Design View, 170, 178, 199<br />Expression Builder, 229<br />INSERT statements, 215<br />installing Access, 18<br />listing supported functions, 229<br />namespaces for ADO.NET use, 244<br />Query Editor, 199<br />security, 195<br />SQL View feature, 202<br />suitability for ASP.NET, 6<br />UPDATE statements, 218<br />views for editing tables, 178<br />account profile page, PayPal, 496<br /><ad> tag, AdRotator control, 610<br />add to cart functionality, 470<br />Add Watch option, 530<br />Add() method<br />Command object, 257<br />DataSet Tables collection, 382<br />DataTable Column collection, 386<br />DataTable Rows collection, 390<br />address book page, Dorknozzle database,<br />368<br />ADO.NET, 243–304<br />common database queries, 253<br />main classes introduced, 244<br />new classes, 364<br />transactions, 295<br />AdRotator control, 609, 701<br /><advertisement> tag, AdRotator control,<br />610<br />aggregate functions, SQL, 229<br />DataTable.Compute() and, 399<br />aliases as virtual directories, 14<br /><allow> element, Web.config file, 539<br />AllowPaging property, DataGrid control,<br />377–378<br />AllowSorting property, DataGrid control,<br />412<br /><alternatingitemstyle> tag<br />DataGrid control, 314<br />DataList control, 345<br /><alternatingitemtemplate> tag, 262<br />anonymous users, 534, 539<br />Append() method, StringBuilder class,<br />673<br />AppendText() method, File class, 564<br />application domains, advantages, 422<br />Application logs and error handling,<br />516<br />application state, 423<br />application variables, 424–425<br />Application_Start() method, 428, 430<br />applications (see Web applications)<br /><apply-templates> tag, XSLT, 602<br />appointment scheduler, 616–625<br />delete functionality, 623<br />methods, 617<br /><appsettings> tag, 434<br />arithmetic functions, SQL, 233<br />ArrayList class<br />deserialization example, 594<br />serialization example, 590, 593<br />arrays, 57<br />declaring, 58<br />multidimensional, 618<br />PrimaryKey property, DataTable,<br />391<br />ASP (Active Server Pages), 2, 4, 40<br />ASP.NET<br />(see also example ASP.NET pages)<br />advantages for building Web applications,<br />4<br />checking for correct installation, 10<br />manual installation, 12<br />page mechanisms, 31<br />page structure, 32<br />software requirements, 5<br />support sites, 29<br /><asp: (see following term)<br />asp: prefix<br />validation controls, 135<br />Web controls, 99<br />aspnet_wp.exe file, 523<br />.aspx ISAPI DLL, 10<br />assemblies, 658–660<br />compiled proxy classes as, 679<br />compiling proxy classes into, 660,<br />665<br />introduced, 423<br />attributes, XML tags, 599<br />Authenticate() method, FormsAuthentication<br />class, 541, 546<br />authentication<br />methods, 532<br />MSDE security, 196<br />using localhost, 13<br />Web Data Administrator and, 22<br />authentication tickets (see cookies)<br />authorization, forms authorization, 538<br />auto incrementing columns, 183<br />Access, 170<br />DataColumn element, 397<br />DataTable object, 470<br />MSDE, 173<br />AutoGenerateColumns property<br />DataGrid control, 311<br />AVG function, SQL, 232<br />B<br />Background property category, 117<br />backslash character in C#, 248, 563<br />banner advertisements, 609<br />base classes, 79<br />BETWEEN keyword, 214<br />bin directories, 423<br />BinaryFormatter class, 589<br />Deserialize() method, 594<br />serialization example, 593<br />Serialize() method, 591, 621<br />BindData() method, 293, 341<br />checking query strings using, 320<br />Block property category, 117<br /><body> tags and presentational elements,<br />32<br />BodyFormat property, MailMessage<br />class, 586<br />Boolean variables, 475<br />Border property category, 117<br />BoundColumn control<br />DataGrid control, 312, 317<br />Box property category, 117<br />Order the print version of this book to get all 700+ pages! 722<br />Index<br />breakpoints, 525<br />bridge analogy, ADO.NET, 243, 364<br />browsers<br />ASP.NET display in, 28<br />detecting validation support, 133–<br />134<br />display of Web Services, 655<br />view of pages being debugged, 526<br />view of WSDL, 663<br />views of XML documents, 600<br />built-in classes, .NET, 27<br />built-in tags, 25<br />Button control, 102, 701<br />admintools.aspx page, 281, 286, 290<br />attributes listed, 49<br />class for, Dorknozzle project, 126<br />setting user control properties dynamically,<br />633<br />shopping cart application, 457, 461–<br />462<br /><button> tags and the HtmlButton<br />control, 88<br />ButtonColumn control<br />DataGrid control, 317, 336, 484<br />ButtonColumn control, DataGrid control,<br />317, 336, 484<br />buttons<br />custom images as, 91<br />DataGrid columns acting as, 317<br />C<br />C# language<br />data types, 56<br />FirstPage.aspx example in, 25<br />operators, 64<br />Cache collection, 444<br />caching<br />arrays, appointment scheduler, 617<br />Web applications, 437<br />calculations<br />DataColumn values, 398<br />shopping cart quantity recalculations,<br />474<br />Calculator example Web Service, 653<br />Calendar control, 611, 702<br />interactive appointment scheduler,<br />616<br />Calendar_RenderDay() method<br />appointment scheduler, 622<br />Camel casing, Web controls, 99<br />cancel functionality, DataGrid edits,<br />328, 480<br />Cascading Style Sheets (see CSS)<br />cascading updates and deletes, 189, 193<br />case sensitivity, XML, 498<br />CaseSensitive property, DataTable object,<br />391<br />casting, 56<br />generic controls to TextBoxes, 331<br />catching errors (see Try...Catch blocks)<br />CellPadding attribute, DataGrid control,<br />315<br />cells, as basis of DataLists, 339<br />character encoding, Server.UrlEncode()<br />method, 110<br />character matching, 226<br />CheckBox control, 104, 704<br />selecting alternative style sheets,<br />606–607<br />checkboxes, HtmlInputCheckbox control,<br />90<br />CheckBoxList control, 105, 704<br />checkout operations, shopping cart application,<br />486<br />CheckOut() method, 489<br />classes<br />creating a Web Service, 654<br />definitions in code-behind files, 81<br />OO programming concept, 76<br />classes, .NET<br />built-in classes, 27<br />organization into namespaces, 70<br />723 Order the print version of this book to get all 700+ pages!<br />classes, ADO.NET, 244<br />DataSet elements, 367<br />classes, CSS<br />applying style rules using, 115<br />applying to Web forms , 128<br />client-side validation, 133<br />ClientTarget attribute, Page directive,<br />134<br />ClientValidationFunction property,<br />CustomValidator, 159<br />Close() method<br />Connection object, 250<br />FileStream object, 592<br />StreamReader class, 567<br />code<br />breaking lines of, 65<br />compilation errors and, 500<br />isolation, in application domains,<br />422<br />runtime errors and, 501<br />stepping through when debugging,<br />525, 527<br />code declaration blocks, 34<br />connection strings, 247<br />example, 26<br />code render blocks, 36<br />binding tables to DataLists, 461<br />code-behind alternative, 79<br />contructing URLs dynamically, 457<br />templates and, for DataLists, 339<br />code reuse with stored procedures, 194<br />code-behind files, 34, 79–84<br />collections, 257<br />CollectName() method, user controls,<br />635<br />Color class, FromName() method, 623<br />columns<br />adding to database tables, 171<br />DataGrid, sorting data, 410<br />selective presentation with DataGrids,<br />311<br />Command objects, ADO.NET, 248<br />CommandName property, Button control,<br />462<br />CommandType class, 302<br />comments<br />in VB.NET and C# code, 35<br />server-side, 38<br />committing transactions, 297<br />Company Events Web Service<br />consuming the service, 679<br />CompanyEvents table, Dorknozzle<br />database, 179, 678<br />creating, 176<br />Web Service access, 676<br />CompareValidator control, 139, 716<br />compilation errors, 500<br />compiled technologies, 4, 658<br />Compute() method<br />DataTable class, 399<br />conditional logic, 65<br />configuration errors, 498<br />configuration sections, 435<br />configuration settings (see Web.config<br />file)<br /><configuration> tag, 434<br />connection strings, 247<br />storing in Web.config, 434<br />ContinueShopping() method, 484<br />controls<br />(see alsodata controls; HTML controls;<br />rich controls; validation<br />controls; Web controls; user<br />controls)<br />binding DataSets to, 368<br />declaring, code-behind files, 83<br />parser errors and, 499<br />selective loading, 636<br />controls collection<br />data controls, 329–330<br />controls collection, data controls, 329–<br />330<br />Order the print version of this book to get all 700+ pages! 724<br />Index<br />ControlToCompare property, CompareValidator<br />control, 141<br />ControlToValidate property<br />RequiredFieldValidator control, 135–<br />137<br />ControlToValidate property, Required-<br />FieldValidator control, 135–137<br />ControlValidate property, RangeValidator<br />control, 147<br />cookies<br />basis of forms authentication, 532<br />custom authentication tickets, 551<br />Cookies collection, 554<br />CORBA (Common Object Request<br />Broker Architecture), 649<br />Count property, DataSet Tables collection,<br />383<br />COUNT() function, SQL, 229<br />CREATE PROCEDURE command, 300<br />CreateText() method, File class, 562<br /><credentials> tag, Web.config file, 540<br />CSS (Cascading Style Sheets)<br />a:hover and a:link pseudo-elements,<br />126<br />Dorknozzle project styling, 124<br />formatting Web controls, 114<br />CssClass property, 118<br />currency data<br />display format, 477<br />validation, 143<br />CurrentPageIndex property, DataGrid<br />control, 379<br />custom authentication tickets, 551<br />custom error messages, 548<br /><customerrors> tag, Web.config file,<br />503<br />CustomValidator control, 157, 719<br />D<br />data access<br />ADO.NET, 243<br />data binding, 272<br />ListBox controls, 289<br />Page_Load() method, 293<br />queries to controls, 261<br />data controls, ASP.NET<br />(see alsoDataGrid control; DataList<br />control; Repeater control)<br />controls collection, 329<br />shopping cart interface, 457<br />data loss<br />modifying Global.asax, 430<br />data source binding<br />CheckBoxList control, 105<br />ListBox control, 106<br />RadioButtonList control, 104–105<br />data sources<br />text files as, 567<br />data types<br />Access, 170<br />C# and VB.NET, tabulated, 56<br />SQL Server, 173<br />validation, 141<br />variable declarations and, 54<br />DataAdapter class<br />properties, 414<br />databases<br />(see alsoAccess databases; MSDE;<br />SQL Server databases;<br />Dorknozzle database)<br />connections and the DataReader<br />classes, 245<br />DataSets as virtual databases, 365<br />deleting records from a Web application,<br />288<br />deleting records using DataGrids,<br />336<br />deleting records using DataLists, 352<br />design, 161<br />importing into MSDE, 178<br />inserting records from a Web application,<br />275<br />725 Order the print version of this book to get all 700+ pages!<br />namespaces and ADO.NET, 244<br />shopping cart application, 456<br />storing login credentials, 542<br />suitable for use with ASP.NET, 6<br />terminology, 162<br />updating from a Web application,<br />279<br />updating from modified DataSets,<br />414<br />updating using DataGrids, 329<br />Web Services interaction, 676<br />DataColumn element, DataTables<br />adding calculated values, 398<br />assigning default values, 394<br />auto incrementing and uniqueness,<br />397<br />creating programmatically, 385<br />setting properties programmatically,<br />393<br />shopping cart application, 469<br />DataField property, BoundColumns<br />control, 312<br />DataGrid control, 305–339<br />advantages over Repeater control,<br />306<br />binding a DataSet to, 386<br />binding event logs to, 521<br />binding to DataSets, 432<br />column controls, 317<br />Company Events Web Service, 679<br />customizing presentation, 310<br />directory listing example, 570<br />modifying quantities in, 478<br />page output caching, 439<br />paging functionality, 376, 378<br />restricting editability, 333<br />shared access to DataSets, 374<br />shopping cart application, 453, 457,<br />462<br />sorting columns in, 410, 412<br />styling DataGrids, 313<br />using templates, 333<br />DataItem() method, Repeater class, 264<br />DataKeyField property<br />DataGrid , 330, 478, 481<br />DataList, 349<br />DataList control, 339<br />advantages over Repeater control,<br />306<br />binding database items to, 468<br />customizing using styles, 344<br />editing items within a DataList, 346<br />navigation menus using, 354<br />shopping cart application, 453, 457,<br />461<br />DataMember property<br />DataGrid control, 374<br />DataMember property, DataGrid, 372–<br />373<br />DataReader classes<br />database connection and, 245<br />DataReader control<br />binding to a DataGrid, 307<br />DataSets as alternatives, 363, 367<br />DataRelation class, 402<br />DataRow element, DataTables<br />adding items to a shopping cart, 470<br />creating programmatically, 387<br />DataSet object, ADO.NET, 363–379<br />binding from within code, 368<br />binding to a DataGrid, 386<br />binding using application variables,<br />424<br />DataTable information display, 382<br />elements, 367<br />as memory-resident virtual databases,<br />365<br />performance enhancement with application<br />state, 430<br />selectCompanyEvents.asmx, 678<br />selecting DataTables, 372<br />shared access, 374<br />updating databases from, 414<br />Datasheet View, Access, 178, 207<br />Order the print version of this book to get all 700+ pages! 726<br />Index<br />DataTable object, 379–407<br />binding to a DataGrid, 473<br />creating programmatically, 380<br />DataRelations between, 402<br />looping through, 482<br />modifying, to update the database,<br />416<br />not derived from the database, 379<br />populating, using DataRows, 387<br />setting properties programmatically,<br />390<br />DataTextField property, DataGrid<br />control, 319<br />DataView object, 407<br />filtering, 408<br />filtering navigation, 638<br />page data caching, 445<br />sorting column data, 444<br />date and time functions, 27, 227<br />date information<br />date format validation, 141<br />multidimensional string arrays, 618<br />DATE() and DATEADD() functions,<br />228<br />DATEPART() function, 230<br />DateTime class, 27<br />DayNameFormat property, Calendar<br />control, 613<br />DayRender event, Calendar control,<br />617<br />DBMS (Database Management Systems),<br />163<br />DCOM (Distributed Component Object<br />Model), 649<br />debug mode, Web.config file setting,<br />503<br />Debugger, 522–530<br />attaching a process, 523<br />breakpoint creation, 525<br />Decimal.Round() method, 477<br />default page configuration, 16<br />Default.aspx page<br />custom authentication tickets, 554<br />Forms Authentication, 536<br />DefaultValue property, DataColumn<br />element, 394<br />DefaultView property, DataTable class,<br />407<br />delete anomalies, 167<br />delete operations<br />modified DataSets, 415<br />using DataGrids, 336<br />using DataLists, 352<br />DELETE statement, SQL, 220<br />deleting records from a Web application,<br />288<br />Delete() method<br />DataRow class, 485<br />DataTable class, 417<br /><deny> element, Web.config file, 538<br />Departments table, Dorknozzle database,<br />180<br />Access query using, 200<br />creating, 175<br />INNER JOIN involving, 236<br />primary key illustration, 184<br />relationship with Employees table,<br />167, 186, 191<br />table structure, 167<br />updating from a DataSet, 415<br />DeptLookup table, Dorknozzle database,<br />192<br />Deserialize() method, BinaryFormatter<br />class, 594<br />Design View, Access, 170, 178<br />generating a query, 199<br />Dim keyword, 55<br />directives, 33, 43–44<br />(see also server-side include directives)<br />Import directive, 70<br />OutputCache directive, 439<br />Register directive, 626, 629–630,<br />632<br />727 Order the print version of this book to get all 700+ pages!<br />WebService directive, 654<br />directories<br />accessing, 568<br />working with directory paths, 573<br />directory browsing, 16<br />Directory class<br />GetFiles() and other methods, 572<br />Directory Listing Denied message, 16<br />disconnected data model, 364<br />Display property<br />validation controls, 148, 151<br />DisplayName() method<br />user controls, 635<br />DISTINCT keyword, SQL, 209<br />distributed computing<br />Web Services and, 648<br /><div> tag<br />Panel control and, 106<br />Do loops, 66<br />Do While loops, 68<br />document wide styles, 115<br />DocumentSource property, XML control,<br />605<br />dog analogy, OOP, 73<br />doGoogleSearch() method, 671<br />Google Search Service example, 672<br />doQuery() function<br />Google Search Service example, 671<br />Dorknozzle database<br />(see also individual tables)<br />creating tables, 170, 172<br />creating using Access, 165<br />creating using Web Data Administrator,<br />165<br />DataRelations example, 403<br />defining primary keys, 185<br />formatted data from, using DataGrids,<br />310<br />relationships, 193<br />sorting column data, 412<br />update functionality using DataLists,<br />349<br />Dorknozzle Intranet Application<br />admin tools page, 280, 638<br />Company Events page, 676, 678<br />company newsletter page, 580, 582<br />defining as a Web application, 542<br />designing the Helpdesk application<br />form, 127<br />employee directory, 267<br />forms upload functionality, 577<br />functionality, 119<br />introduced, 119<br />navigation menu, 120<br />shopping cart application, 452<br />user controls, 626<br />using CompareValidator, 143<br />using RangeValidator, 146<br />using RequiredFieldValidator, 136<br />using ValidationSummary, 152<br />dot operator, 75<br />downlevel setting, ClientTarget attribute,<br />134<br />drop-down menus<br />binding data sources, 272<br />HtmlSelect control, 92<br />IsPostBack use, 112, 114<br />DropDownList control, 105, 705<br />admintools.aspx page, 281<br />binding DataViews to, 409<br />class for, Dorknozzle project, 126<br />directory listing example, 569<br />duplicate data<br />avoiding, with relationships, 186<br />DISTINCT keyword and, 209<br />dynamic display<br />validation controls, 148<br />E<br />eBay, 486<br />ecommerce sites<br />master/detail pages, 317<br />EditButtonColumn control, 346<br />Order the print version of this book to get all 700+ pages! 728<br />Index<br />EditCommand event, DataList control,<br />346–347<br />EditCommandColumn control, DataGrid,<br />317, 324, 465, 478<br />EditItemIndex property<br />DataGrid control, 328, 479<br /><edititemtemplate> tag, 334, 347,<br />465<br />email<br />configuring IIS for, 580<br />creating the interface, 582<br />rendering HTML in, 586<br />sending from ASP.NET, 579<br />email address validation<br />using CustomValidator, 159<br />using regular expressions, 153, 156<br />email programs<br />appointment schedulers, 616<br />serialization and deserialization, 588<br />Employees table, Dorknozzle database,<br />180<br />Access query using, 200<br />column and data types, 169<br />creating, 173<br />INNER JOIN involving, 236<br />login credentials within, 542<br />primary and foreign key illustration,<br />184<br />relationship with Departments table,<br />167, 186, 191<br />table structure, 163<br />EmployeeStore table, Dorknozzle<br />database, 181<br />basic SQL query against, 198, 205<br />changing data, 218<br />creating, 176<br />inserting data, 214<br />removing records, 220<br />shopping cart application, 452, 456<br />empty methods in development and<br />testing, 467<br />EnableClientScript property, 134<br />EnableViewState property, Page directive,<br />43<br />enctype property, <form> tag, 577<br />entities, deriving database tables from,<br />168<br />environment variables<br />Path, 658<br />equality operator, C#, 64<br />error handling, 497, 506<br />.NET Debugger, 522<br />exceptions, 511<br />intuitive error information, 504<br />logging errors, 515<br />reading from error logs, 520<br />types of error, 498<br />viewing error information, 503<br />error messages<br />custom error messages, 548<br />display position, 137<br />‘friendly’ error pages, 506<br />message box display, 151<br />ErrorMessage property<br />RangeValidator control, 147<br />RequiredFieldValidator control, 136–<br />137<br />validation controls, 135<br />event bubbling, 323, 346<br />event handlers<br />(see also Page_Load() method)<br />Application_Start() method, 428<br />data controls, 324<br />DataGrid control, 326<br />DataGrid paging, 378<br />Global.asax file, 428<br />HTML controls, 88<br />Web controls, 102<br />EventArgs parameter, 51<br />not used for DataGrid controls, 327<br />EventLog class, .NET, 515, 517<br />events<br />introduced, 47<br />OO programming concept, 78<br />729 Order the print version of this book to get all 700+ pages!<br />page events, 52<br />example ASP.NET pages<br />AccessingDirectoryInfo/index.aspx,<br />569–571<br />AccessingPathInfo/index.aspx, 573–<br />574<br />AddingDataColumnValues.aspx, 399<br />addressbook.aspx, 307<br />addressbookDS.aspx, 369–374<br />admintools.aspx, 280–294, 579, 630<br />AdRotator.aspx, 611<br />AdRotatorControl/AdRotator.aspx,<br />610–611<br />AdvancedXMLControl/sample.aspx,<br />607–608<br />AdvancedXMLControl/titlesTransformAll.<br />aspx, 606<br />ApplicationState/ApplicationState.aspx,<br />425–428<br />AppointmentScheduler/sample.aspx,<br />616–624<br />Arrays.aspx, 57–59<br />BoundColumns.aspx, 311<br />calculate.aspx, 660<br />Calculate/calculate.aspx, 660–661<br />CalendarControl/CalendarControl.aspx,<br />614<br />CatchingExceptions.aspx, 511<br />ClickEvent.aspx, 49<br />CompareValidator1.aspx, 139, 141<br />CompareValidator2.aspx, 142<br />CompareValidator3.aspx, 142<br />CreatingDataColumnsProgrammatically.<br />aspx, 385<br />CreatingDataRowsProgrammatically.<br />aspx, 387–390<br />CreatingDataTablesProgrammatically.<br />aspx, 380–384<br />CustomAuthenticationTicket/Default.<br />aspx, 554<br />CustomAuthenticationTicket/login.aspx,<br />552–554<br />CustomValidator.aspx, 158<br />DataColumnPropertiesProgrammatically.<br />aspx, 395<br />DataGridDelete.aspx, 336–338<br />DataGridPaging.aspx, 378<br />DataGridTemplates.aspx, 334–335<br />DataGridWithStyles.aspx, 313–315<br />DataListWithStyles.aspx, 345<br />DataRelations.aspx, 403–406<br />DataTablePropertiesProgrammatically.<br />aspx, 391–392<br />DataViewsFiltering.aspx, 408–409<br />DataViewsSorting.aspx, 411–414<br />deserialize.aspx, 592<br />EditDataList.aspx, 346–353<br />EditUpdateCancel.aspx, 325–332<br />employeedirectory.aspx, 267–272<br />employeestore.aspx, 452, 457, 459–<br />493<br />FirstPage.aspx, 24<br />Functions.aspx, 60<br />GoogleSearch/search.aspx, 668–675<br />HandlingErrorsEventLog.aspx, 516–<br />521<br />helpdesk.aspx, 128, 137–138, 143–<br />144, 147–152, 272–277, 301–<br />303, 523<br />hrupload.aspx, 577<br />index.aspx (Dorknozzle project), 679<br />index.aspx, (Dorknozzle project),<br />122<br />index.aspx, logout functionality, 550<br />index.aspx, web service example, 679<br />listing directories, 569<br />login.aspx, 536, 540, 542–544<br />MasterDetail.aspx, 317–322<br />nav.aspx, 356–359, 627<br />newsletterarchive.aspx, 582–583<br />PageDataCaching/CachedGrid.aspx,<br />442–445<br />PageEvents.aspx, 52–53<br />Order the print version of this book to get all 700+ pages! 730<br />Index<br />PageOutputCaching/CachedGrid.aspx,<br />440<br />PageOutputCaching/CachedTime.aspx,<br />439<br />PostBack.aspx, 112<br />queriesUsingParameters.aspx, 257–<br />258<br />RangeValidator.aspx, 145<br />RegularExpressionValidator.aspx,<br />154<br />repeaterControl.aspx, 262–265<br />RequiredFieldValidator.aspx, 132,<br />136<br />respondingToUserInteraction.aspx,<br />254–255<br />sample.aspx, without code, 82<br />search.aspx, 668<br />Serialization/deserialize.aspx, 592–<br />595<br />Serialization/serialize.aspx, 589–592<br />serialize.aspx, 592<br />SessionState/Global.aspx, 449<br />SessionState/SessionState.aspx, 447<br />SimpleDataGrid.aspx, 307–309<br />SimpleDataList.aspx, 340–341, 343<br />simpleDataReader.aspx, 252<br />SimpleForm.aspx, 94, 96–97<br />SimpleLogin/Default.aspx, 536<br />SimpleLogin/login.aspx, 534<br />SimpleXMLControl/sample.aspx,<br />605<br />SpecificExceptions.aspx, 513<br />template.aspx, location, 267<br />TextFileReadWrite/index.aspx, 561–<br />567<br />TryCatch.aspx, 507–510<br />UpdatingDatabaseUsingDataSet.aspx,<br />415–418<br />UserControlsLoadingProgrammatically/<br />sample.aspx, 640–642<br />UserControlsMethods/Collect-<br />Name.aspx, 634<br />UserControlsProperties/sample.aspx,<br />631–633<br />UsingGlobalASAX/Global.aspx, 430<br />UsingGlobalASAX/index.aspx, 431<br />ValidationSummary.aspx, 149<br />ViewState.aspx, 41<br />WebConfigAuthentication/login.aspx,<br />540<br />example project (see Dorknozzle Intranet<br />Application)<br />example user controls<br />nav.ascx, 627<br />UserControlsLoadingProgrammatically/<br />nav.ascx, 638<br />UserControlsLoadingProgrammatically/<br />navadmin.ascx, 636<br />UserControlsLoadingProgrammatically/<br />sample.ascx, 641<br />UserControlsMethods/Display-<br />Name.ascx, 634<br />UserControlsProperties/datetime.ascx,<br />631<br />UserControlsProperties/sample.ascx,<br />632<br />example Web Services<br />calculate.asmx, 653<br />Calculate/calculate.asmx, 654–655<br />selectCompanyEvents.asmx, 677<br />example XSLT style sheets<br />titlesTransform.xsl, 600, 604<br />titlesTransformAll.xsl, 606<br />Exception class, .NET, 511<br />more specific exceptions, 513<br />ExecuteNonQuery() method, 277<br />ExecuteReader() method, Command<br />object, 249, 277<br />Expression Builder, Access, 229<br />expressions, SQL, 222<br />external stye sheets, 115<br />731 Order the print version of this book to get all 700+ pages!<br />F<br />File class<br />AppendText() method, 564<br />CreateText() method, 562<br />MapPath() method, 565<br />OpenText() method, 565, 567<br />file extensions<br />IIS processing of Web requests and,<br />12<br />Notepad, preserving, 24<br />user controls, 626<br />Web Services, 653<br />file paths, 573<br />file permissions, setting for Access<br />databases, 279<br />file streams, 560<br />files<br />(see also text files)<br />uploading from Web applications,<br />576<br />Web applications, location, 12<br />FileStream class, serialization example,<br />590–591, 593<br />Fill() method, DataAdapter class, 380<br />filtering results<br />DataTable.Compute() method and,<br />399<br />DataViews and, 408<br />parameterized ADO.NET queries,<br />259<br />FindControl() method, DataGrid control,<br />482<br />FirstDayOfWeek property, Calendar<br />control, 613<br />Font property category, 117<br />fonts<br />changing using DataGrids, 314<br /><footertemplate> tag, 262<br />For Each loops, 69<br />iterating through an ArrayList, 594<br />iterating through DataTables, 482<br />iterating through error messages, 515<br />writing table contents to Label controls,<br />405<br />For loops, 68<br />foreign keys, 183<br /><form> tag<br />enctype property, 577<br />HtmlForm control and, 88<br />form validation (see validation controls)<br />formatting data using DataGrids, 310<br />forms (see Web forms)<br />forms authentication, 532<br />compared with other modes, 532<br />configuring, 537<br />cookies as basis of, 532<br />forms authorization, 538<br /><forms> element, Web.config file, 537<br />FormsAuthentication class<br />Authenticate() method, 541, 546<br />custom authentication tickets, 551<br />RedirectFromLoginPage() method,<br />535, 546<br />SignOut() method, 551<br />FormsIdentity class, 556<br />‘friendly’ error pages, 506<br />FROM clause<br />required in SELECT queries, 204<br />FromName() method, Color class, 623<br />functions<br />declaring in VB.NET and C#, 59<br />distinguished from subroutines, 59<br />functions, SQL, 226<br />aggregate functions, 229<br />arithmetic functions, 233<br />string functions, 235<br />supported in Access, 229<br />G<br />GAC (Global Assembly Cache), 423<br />GetChildRows() method, DataRow<br />class, 406<br />Order the print version of this book to get all 700+ pages! 732<br />Index<br />getData() method, 256<br />getDate() method, 259<br />GetFileName() method, Path class, 575<br />GetFiles() method, Directory class, 572<br />GetItemTotal() function, 482, 486<br />global variables, 341<br />Global.asax file, 423, 428<br />globalizing content with user controls,<br />626<br />Google Search Service<br />consuming the service, 667<br />example Web Service, 646<br />interface, 668<br />registering, 665<br />Web application based on, 664<br />graphics, Dorknozzle project navigation,<br />122<br />GridLines attribute, DataGrid control,<br />315<br />GROUP BY clause, SQL, 230<br />H<br />HAVING clause, SQL, 231<br /><head> tag, code declaration block<br />location, 35, 49<br />code declaration block location, 35,<br />49<br /><headertemplate> tag, 261<br />HeaderText property, BoundColumns<br />control, 312<br />headings, styling in DataGrids, 314<br />helpdesk request page, Dorknozzle<br />design, 127<br />using CompareValidator, 143<br />using RangeValidator, 146<br />using RequiredFieldValidator, 136<br />using ValidationSummary, 152<br />HelpDesk table, Dorknozzle database,<br />176<br />HelpDeskCategories table, Dorknozzle<br />database, 177, 181<br />HelpDeskStatus table, Dorknozzle<br />database, 177, 181<br />HelpDeskSubjects table, Dorknozzle<br />database, 177, 182<br />hidden form fields<br />view state and, 43<br />hidden form fields and view state, 40<br />hiding controls (see Visible property)<br />hit counter, 425<br />HTML<br />comments, server-side comments<br />and, 38<br />contrasted with XML, 598<br />formatting XML as, 602, 605<br />generating tables with the Repeater<br />control, 261<br />invalid, derived from Response.<br />Write(), 254<br />markup in ASP.NET pages, 39<br />rendering in emails, 586<br />HTML controls, 86<br />full list, 683–698<br />survey form example, 94<br />HTML forms<br />Web forms and, 97<br />HtmlAnchor control, 87, 683<br />HtmlButton control, 88, 95, 684<br />HtmlForm control, 88, 685<br />HtmlGeneric control, 89, 685<br />HtmlImage control, 89, 686<br />HtmlInputButton control, 90, 687<br />HtmlInputCheckBox control, 90, 688<br />HtmlInputFile control, 91, 577, 688<br />uploading files, 576<br />HtmlInputHidden control, 91, 689<br />HtmlInputImage control, 91, 690<br />HtmlInputRadioButton control, 92,<br />691<br />HtmlInputText control, 92, 95, 692<br />HtmlSelect control, 92, 95, 693<br />HtmlTable control, 93, 694<br />HtmlTableCell control, 93, 695<br />733 Order the print version of this book to get all 700+ pages!<br />HtmlTableRow control, 93, 696<br />HtmlTextArea control, 94, 697<br />HTTP status codes and ‘friendly’ error<br />messages, 506<br />HttpCookie class, 553<br />HttpPostedFile class, 578<br />HyperLink control, 103, 108, 706<br />DataList navigation menu, 356<br />Dorknozzle project navigation, 121<br />HyperLinkColumn control, DataGrid,<br />317–319<br />hyperlinks<br />DataGrid columns acting as, 317<br />LinkButton and HyperLink controls,<br />103<br />page navigation and, 107<br />within DataGrids, 318<br />I<br />identity columns, MSDE, 173<br />If... Else statements, 65<br />IIS (Internet Information Services)<br />(see also Web applications)<br />ASP.NET requirement, 5<br />checking ASP.NET integration, 10<br />configuring, 9<br />configuring to send email, 580<br />creating a Web application, 422<br />enabling directory browsing, 16<br />installation, 6<br />stopping and starting, 13<br />Image control, 102, 707<br />ImageButton control, 103, 707<br />images<br />adding to navigation menus, 358<br />changing dynamically, 89<br /><img> tags and the HtmlImage control,<br />89<br />Import directive, 43, 70<br />IN operator, SQL, 240<br />incrementing counters, 69<br />inheritance<br />code-behind files, 83<br />OO programming concept, 79<br />inline code/expression render blocks,<br />36<br />inline styles, 115<br />INNER JOINs, 236<br /><input> tag<br />HtmlInput* controls and, 90<br />TextBox control and, 99<br />insert operations<br />data loss and transactions, 296<br />modified DataSets, 415<br />INSERT statement, SQL, 214<br />inserting records from a Web application,<br />275<br />stored procedure for, 300<br />instance methods, 563<br />Instant Payment Notification (IPN),<br />495<br />instantiation of classes, 77<br />interface, shopping cart application,<br />457<br />Internet<br />interoperability and, 645<br />scalability and Web Services, 649<br />Internet Explorer versions and installation,<br />7<br />Internet Services Manager, 422<br />interoperability, 645<br />Intranet Project (see Dorknozzle Intranet<br />Application)<br />Invoke button, Web Service browser<br />tool, 656<br />ISAPI extension DLLs, 10<br />IsPostBack property, 112<br />shopping cart application, 469<br />Item() method, DataReader class, 250<br /><itemstyle> tag<br />DataGrid control, 313<br />ItemTemplate class, 263<br />Order the print version of this book to get all 700+ pages! 734<br />Index<br /><itemtemplate> tag, 262<br />Repeater control subtag, 261<br />use with DataLists, 343<br />J<br />JavaScript and client-side validation,<br />133<br />joins, 236–240<br />K<br />Kazaa, 13<br />keys (see foreign keys) (see primary keys)<br />L<br />Label control, 101, 708<br />as a built-in tag, 25<br />Calandar control example, 614<br />custom error messages and, 548<br />displaying authentication information,<br />556<br />reading from text files, 566<br />retrieving path information, 573<br />running total display, 399, 477<br />writing table contents to, 405<br />language attribute, <script> tag and<br />Page directive, 35<br />languages (see programming languages)<br />LIKE keyword, 212<br />line continuation symbols, 65<br /><link> element<br />Dorknozzle project styling, 127<br />external style sheet use, 116<br />LinkButton control, 103, 708<br />DataLists, 346, 348, 352<br />Google Search Service example, 669<br />logging users out, 550<br />shopping cart application, 458, 465,<br />484, 489<br />shopping cart checkout, 487<br />Visible property, 674<br />Linux, 5<br />list boxes and the HtmlSelect control,<br />92<br />List property category, 117<br />ListBox control, 105, 709<br />deleting records from a Web application,<br />288<br />Literal control, 710<br />literal text in ASP.NET pages, 39<br />LoadControl() method, 641<br />localhost, 13<br />IIS for email, 581<br />login credentials<br />database storage, 542<br />storage in Web.config, 540<br />login pages<br />example, 533<br />HtmlInputText control use, 92<br />logging users out, 550<br />LoginUser() method, example login<br />page, 534, 545, 548<br />look-up tables, 192<br />loopback IP address, 13<br />loops, 66–70<br />(see alsoDo loops; For Each loops)<br />exiting, 69<br />M<br />Machine.config file, 433<br />MailMessage class<br />introduced, 579<br />newsletterarchive.aspx, 586<br />properties, 579<br />many-to-many relationships, 191<br />MapPath() method, 565, 594<br />master/detail forms, 316<br />MAX function, SQL, 233<br />MaximumValue property, RangeValidator<br />control, 147<br />memory requirement, DataSets, 367<br />message boxes, error messages, 151<br />735 Order the print version of this book to get all 700+ pages!<br />methods<br />OO programming concept, 73, 75<br />shared/static methods, 563<br />user controls, 633<br />Web Methods, 650<br />Microsoft Corporation<br />(see also.NET; Access databases; ASP;<br />Internet Explorer; MSDE; SQL<br />Server databases)<br />disconnected data model, 364<br />Web application definition, 422<br />MIN function, SQL, 233<br />MinimumCapacity property, DataTable<br />object, 391<br />MinimumValue property, RangeValidator<br />control, 147<br />MSDE<br />(see also Web Data Administrator)<br />character matching, 226<br />importing databases, 178<br />installing, 19<br />namespaces for ADO.NET use, 244<br />security, 196<br />suitability for ASP.NET, 6<br />music catalog<br />illustrating the Xml control, 603<br />illustrating XSLT, 600<br />N<br />namespaces, 70<br />(see also System.*)<br />importing into ASP.NET, 246<br />required for ADO.NET use, 244<br />navigation menus<br />Dorknozzle Intranet Application,<br />120<br />inappropriate for login pages, 543<br />selective display using user controls,<br />638<br />selective loading, 636<br />styling, 359<br />user control example, 625, 629<br />using DataLists, 354<br />navigation objects, 108<br />.NET Framework<br />(see also Debugger)<br />.NET assemblies, 658<br />class library, 27<br />classes for serialization and deserialization,<br />589<br />Exception class, 511<br />rich controls, 597<br />user controls, 625<br />.NET Framework Redistributable<br />ASP.NET requirement, 6<br />installing, 8<br />.NET platform, significance, 1<br />NewRow() method, DataTable class,<br />389, 417, 473<br />newsletter page, Dorknozzle project,<br />582<br />Newsletters table, Dorknozzle database,<br />177<br />NextPrevFormat property, Calendar<br />control, 613<br />normalization, 169<br />Notepad, preserving file extensions, 24<br />number conversion to strings, 63<br />O<br />Object parameter, 51<br />objects as an OO programming concept,<br />73<br />OLE DB Provider for Access, 247<br />OleDbCommandBuilder class, 417<br />OleDbConnection class<br />Open() method, 76<br />OleDbException class, 513<br />OnClick event handler<br />Button control, 50<br />Button control attribute, 544<br />logging errors, 517<br />Order the print version of this book to get all 700+ pages! 736<br />Index<br />Web controls and, 102<br />OnDataBinding attribute, Button control,<br />50<br />one-to-many relationships, 188<br />one-to-one relationships, 187<br />OnServerClick event handler, 88, 577<br />OnSortCommand property, DataGrid<br />control, 412<br />OOP (Object Oriented Programming),<br />72<br />Open() method<br />Connection object, 250<br />OleDbConnection class, 76<br />OpenText() method, File class, 565,<br />567<br />operating systems, ASP.NET restrictions,<br />5<br />Operator property, CompareValidator<br />control, 142–143<br />operators<br />&= operator, 567<br />+= operator, 567<br />C# and VB.NET, tabulated, 63<br />dot operator, 75<br />SQL IN operator, 240<br />SQL queries using, 212<br />SQL, tabulated, 224<br />ORDER BY clause, SQL, 220<br />order processing, shopping carts, 486<br />OUTER JOINs, 238<br />OutputCache directive, 439<br />P<br />Page class and code-behind files, 81<br />page data caching, 442–446<br />example, 444<br />Page directive<br />disabling client-side validation, 134<br />EnableViewState property, 43<br />function of, 43<br />language attribute, 35<br />pages referring to code-behind files,<br />82<br />page events, 52<br />page hit counter, 425<br />page navigation, 107<br />page output caching, 438<br />page structure, ASP.NET, 32–40<br />Page_Init() method, 52<br />Page_Load() method, 52<br />appointment scheduler example, 618<br />DataTables, 382<br />handling updates, 293<br />IsPostBack use, 112<br />Page_PreRender() method, 52<br />Page_Unload() method, 52<br />PageSize property, DataGrid control,<br />377–378<br />paging<br />DataGrids, 306, 376<br />Google Search Service example, 669,<br />675<br />Panel control, 106, 710<br />Google Search Service example, 669<br />shopping cart application, 458, 461,<br />463<br />parameters<br />ADO.NET queries, 257<br />functions, 62<br />subroutines, 51<br />parser errors, 499<br />Passport authentication, 532, 646, 648<br />passwords<br />confirming entry of, 140<br />database storage, 542<br />HtmlInputText control use, 92<br />protecting an Access database, 195<br />storing within Web.config, 540<br />TextMode property and entering,<br />534<br />Path class, System.IO, 573<br />GetFileName() and other methods,<br />575<br />737 Order the print version of this book to get all 700+ pages!<br />Path environment variable, 658<br />pattern matching with LIKE, 212<br />(see also regular expressions)<br />payment systems, 486<br />PayPal<br />account profile page, 496<br />Instant Payment Notification feature,<br />495<br />shopping cart integration with, 486<br />variables and values accepted, 488<br />Web Service potential, 646<br />performance enhancement<br />caching Web applications, 437<br />DataSets, with application state, 430<br />using stored procedures, 298<br />permissions (see file permissions)<br />persisting information<br />application state and, 426<br />between pages, methods for, 109<br />using query strings, 323<br />view state and, 40<br />phone number validation using RegExps,<br />156<br />PlaceHolder control, 107, 640, 642,<br />710<br />Positioning property category, 117<br />postback, 112<br />updates using, 292<br />postback checking, 112<br />shopping cart application, 469<br />PostedFile property, HttpPostedFile<br />class, 578<br />primary keys, 183<br />creating programmatically, 392<br />defining, 184<br />look-up tables, 192<br />PrimaryKey property, DataTable object,<br />391<br />processes, attaching to the Debugger,<br />523<br />programming languages<br />alternatives for ASP.NET, 44<br />specifying in Page directives, 34<br />supported within .NET, 2, 4<br />VB.NET and C# basics, 47<br />properties<br />OO programming concept, 74<br />properties, in OO programming, 73<br />proxy classes<br />compiling into assemblies, 658, 660,<br />665, 679<br />consuming Web Services, 658<br />generating, 659, 665, 678<br />public methods, user controls, 634<br />PWS (Personal Web Server), 5<br />Q<br />queries<br />copying, using SQL View, 202<br />filtering search results, 211<br />introduced, 195<br />ranges of values, 214<br />SQL clauses for refining, 220<br />subqueries, 240<br />using ADO.NET, 253<br />using parameters with ADO.NET,<br />257<br />using SQL, 197<br />Query Editor, Access, 199<br />Query Editor, Web Data Administrator,<br />203<br />query strings<br />DataGrid-based master/detail pages,<br />319<br />passing information with Response.<br />Redirect(), 109<br />question mark symbol, 534, 539<br />QuickWatch window, 529<br />R<br />radio buttons, creating, 92<br />Order the print version of this book to get all 700+ pages! 738<br />Index<br />RadioButton control, 103, 710<br />RadioButtonList control, 104, 711<br />RangeValidator control, 145, 717<br />Read() method, DataReader class, 250<br />ReadLine() method, StreamReader<br />class, 565, 567<br />ReadOnly property<br />BoundColumn control, 334<br />DataTable object, 465<br />RedirectFromLoginPage() method,<br />FormsAuthentication class, 535,<br />546<br />redirection with HyperLink controls,<br />108<br />referential integrity, 189<br />refreshLog() method, error logging example,<br />520<br />Register directive<br />function of, 44<br />user controls, 626, 629–630, 632<br />registry editing, 22<br />regular expressions, 155<br />RegularExpressionValidator control,<br />153, 719<br />relational database model, 161<br />relationship diagrams, 194<br />Relationship Editor, Access, 189<br />relationships between tables<br />Dorknozzle database, 167, 193<br />managing, 185<br />relationship diagrams, 186, 191<br />types of relationship, 187<br />Remove() method<br />Application object, 424<br />Repeater control, 260<br />DataList compared to, 344<br />employeedirectory.aspx, 271<br />limitations, 305<br />Request.Form() method, 41<br />required form fields (see validation<br />controls)<br />RequiredFieldValidator control, 135,<br />334, 715<br />Response.Redirect() method, 109, 493<br />Response.Write() method<br />invalid HTML from, 254<br />legitimate use, 250<br />Repeater control alternative, 260<br />result sets, accessing, 263<br />return type, functions, 62<br />rich controls, 597<br />the AdRotator control, 609<br />the Calendar control, 611<br />the Xml control, 603<br />rolling back transactions, 296<br />RowFilter property, DataView class,<br />408<br />Rows() collection, DataTable class, 417<br />RPC (Remote Procedure Call), 649<br />runat="server" attribute<br />HTML controls distinguished by, 86<br />introduced, 25–26<br />script tag, 35<br />server controls and, 37<br />running totals<br />displaying, 399, 476<br />runtime errors, 501<br />debug mode and, 503<br />S<br />sample ASP.NET pages (see example<br />ASP.NET pages)<br />Save_Click() method<br />appointment scheduler example, 624<br />Save_Click() method, appointment<br />scheduler, 620<br />SaveAs() method, HttpPostedFile class,<br />579<br />scalability and Web Services, 649<br />739 Order the print version of this book to get all 700+ pages!<br />scope<br />methods and properties, 78<br />subroutines, 51<br /><script> tag<br />attributes, 35<br />code elements located between, 32,<br />34<br />FirstPage.aspx use, 26<br />SDK (Software Development Kit)<br />(see also Debugger)<br />installing for .NET, 9<br />wsdl.exe utility, 658<br />security<br />Access and MSDE, 195<br />directory browsing and, 16<br />logging users out, 550<br />securing Web applications, 531<br />server-side validation and, 134<br />SecurityException, registering event log<br />source, 519<br />Select Case statements<br />directory listing example, 570<br />SELECT statements<br />embedded SELECTs, 241<br />significance in SQL, 204<br />specifying fields, 208<br />WHERE clause, 211<br /><select> tag<br />DropDownList and ListBox controls,<br />105<br />HtmlSelect control, 92<br />SelectCommand property<br />DataAdapter class, 372<br />SelectedDate property, Calendar control,<br />613, 621<br />SelectionChanged event handler, Calendar<br />control, 614<br />SelectionChanged event, Calendar<br />control, 617<br />SelectionMode property, Calendar<br />control, 613<br />SelectMonthText property, Calendar<br />control, 613<br />SelectWeekText property, Calendar<br />control, 613<br />Send() method, SmtpMail class, 587<br />separating presentation and logic<br />facilitated by ASP.NET, 4<br />server controls and, 37<br />using code-behind files, 79<br /><separatortemplate> tag, 262<br />use with DataLists, 342<br />serialization, 588<br />Serialize() method, BinaryFormatter<br />object, 591, 621<br />server controls, 37<br />server-side include directives, 39<br />navigation menus and, 354<br />user controls and, 631<br />Server.Execute() method, 109<br />Server.Transfer() method, 109<br />Server.UrlEncode() method, 110<br />servers<br />ASP.NET as a server-side technology,<br />3<br />names, MSDE connection, 22, 247<br />Service Manager Dialog, MSDE, 21<br />session state and application state, 424<br />session variables, 446, 671, 675<br />shared methods, VB.NET, 563, 568<br />shopping cart application, 451<br />add to cart functionality, 470<br />checkout operation, 486<br />database, 456<br />interface controls, 457<br />interface HTML, 459<br />keeping the order total, 476<br />methods, 458<br />modifying cart quantities, 478<br />removing items from the cart, 484<br />shopping carts<br />calculated DataColumn values, 398<br />DataTable usefulness, 379<br />Order the print version of this book to get all 700+ pages! 740<br />Index<br />DefaultValue property and, 394<br />ShowDayHeader property, Calendar<br />control, 613<br />ShowGridLines property, Calendar<br />control, 613<br />ShowMessageBox property, Validation-<br />Summary control, 151<br />ShowNextPrevMonth property, Calendar<br />control, 613<br />ShowTitle property, Calendar control,<br />613<br />SignOut() method, FormsAuthentication<br />class, 551<br />SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol),<br />580<br />SmtpMail class, 579<br />SmtpServer property, SmtpMail class,<br />587<br />SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol),<br />650<br />Social Security Number validation, 157<br />sorting data<br />DataGrid capability, 306<br />DataGrid columns, 410<br />ORDER BY clauses, 220<br />page data caching example, 442<br />spacing, validation control effects, 148<br /><span> tag, 28<br />special characters in regular expressions,<br />155<br />spoofing, 550<br />SQL (Structured Query Language), 197<br />DELETE statements, 220<br />expressions, 222<br />functions, 226<br />INSERT statements, 214<br />operators, 224<br />overheads of executing, 298<br />SELECT statements, 204<br />subqueries, 240<br />UPDATE statements, 217<br />SQL Server databases<br />data types, 173<br />MSDE and, 19<br />SQL Server Desktop Engine (see<br />MSDE)<br />SQL View feature, Access, 202<br />src attribute, <script> tag, 36<br />standardization and Web Services,<br />649, 652<br />state, application and session, 423<br />static methods, C#, 563, 568<br />status codes, HTTP, and ‘friendly’ error<br />messages, 506<br />stepping through code, 525, 527<br />stored procedures, 194, 298–303<br />StreamReader class<br />Close() method, 567<br />ReadLine() method, 565, 567<br />StreamWriter class, System.IO, 562<br />WriteLine() method, 563<br />String class, reading from text files, 566<br />string concatenation<br />C# and VB.NET operators, 65<br />SQL & operator, 223<br />string conversions, 63<br />string functions, SQL, 235<br />StringBuilder class, 672<br />Append() method, 673<br />Google Search Service example, 672<br />strings, manipulating with regular expressions,<br />153<br />Structured Query Language (see SQL)<br />style attributes, 115–116<br />style properties, customizable, 117<br />style sheets<br />loading, using the Xml control, 603<br />presenting XML using XSLT, 600<br />selecting alternatives, 606<br /><style> tag, 115–116<br />styling DataGrids, 313<br />styling DataLists, 344<br />741 Order the print version of this book to get all 700+ pages!<br />navigation menus, 359<br />styling Web pages, 115<br />Dorknozzle project, 124<br />subclasses, 79<br />submitting a form, 102<br />subqueries, SQL, 240<br />subroutines<br />distinguished from functions, 59<br />structure, 50<br />SUM function, SQL, 232<br />Switch and Switch Case statements, 66<br />switch statements, directory listing example,<br />570<br />System.Data namespace<br />CommandType class, 302<br />System.Data.OleDb namespace, 70,<br />544<br />ADO.NET use with Access, 244<br />classes tabulated, 244<br />code example using, 72<br />System.Data.SqlClient namespace<br />ADO.NET use with MSDE, 244<br />classes tabulated, 245<br />System.Diagnostics namespace, 517<br />System.Drawing namespace, 617<br />System.IO namespace<br />classes for accessing directories, 568<br />groups of classes, 560<br />Path class, 573<br />working with files and directories,<br />559<br />System.Runtime.Serialization.Formatters.<br />Binary namespace, 589, 617<br />System.Text namespace, 669<br />System.Web.Mail namespace, 579<br />System.Web.Security namespace<br />authentication classes, 533<br />FormsIdentity class, 556<br />System.Web.Services namespace, 654<br />System.Web.UI.HtmlControls<br />namespace, 86<br />System.Web.UI.WebControls<br />namespace, 75<br />T<br />table joins, 236–240<br /><table> tag and Html controls, 93<br />tables, database<br />creating using Access, 170<br />creating using Web Data Administrator,<br />172<br />designing, for the Dorknozzle database,<br />166<br />structure of, 162<br />tables, HTML<br />Dorknozzle navigation layout, 122<br />generating with the Repeater control,<br />261<br />tabular structure of DataGrids, 306<br />tables, virtual (see table joins)<br />tag redefinition, 116<br />tags, child tags and subtags, 261<br /><template> tag, XSLT, 602<br />template.aspx page, location, 267<br />TemplateColumn control<br />DataGrid control, 334<br />TemplateColumn control, DataGrid,<br />317<br />templates<br />Repeater control use, 261<br />required for DataList controls, 339<br />using with DataGrids, 333<br />text boxes, passing query parameters,<br />257<br />text display<br />changing dynamically, 89<br />Label control and, 101<br />text files<br />ASCII standard format, 559<br />reading from, 565<br />writing to, 560<br /><textarea> tags, 94<br />Order the print version of this book to get all 700+ pages! 742<br />Index<br />TextBox control, 99, 101, 712<br />admintools.aspx page, 281<br />appointment schedular, 617<br />binding data to, 285<br />casting generic controls to, 331<br />class for, Dorknozzle project, 126<br />DataGrid edit functionality, 328<br />editing within DataLists, 351<br />email interface example, 583<br />password TextMode, 534<br />user text input, 562<br />TextMode property, TextBox control,<br />534<br />Timeout property, Session object, 448<br />TitleFormat property, Calendar control,<br />613<br />titlesTransform.xsl stylesheet, 600, 604<br />titlesTransformAll.xsl stylesheet, 606<br />TodaysDate property, Calendar control,<br />613<br />ToString() method, 63<br />transactions, 295<br />TransformSource property, XML control,<br />605, 608<br />Try...Catch blocks<br />error handling using, 509<br />exception handling, 511<br />Try-Catch-Finally statements and<br />transactions, 297<br />type conversion, 56<br />Type property, RangeValidator control,<br />146<br />U<br />UDDI (Universal Description, Discovery,<br />and Integration)<br />basis in XML, 650<br />directories, 664<br />role, 651<br />underscore line continuation symbol,<br />65<br />unique data and the DISTINCT<br />keyword, 209<br />unique identifiers<br />(see also primary keys)<br />DataLists, 349<br />setting within DataGrids, 330<br />Unique property, DataColumn element,<br />397<br />update anomalies, 166<br />update operations<br />data loss and transactions, 296<br />global, with user controls, 626<br />modified DataSets, 414–415<br />shopping cart DataGrid, 480<br />using DataGrid controls, 329<br />UPDATE statement, SQL, 217<br />inserting records from a Web application,<br />279<br />Update() method, DataAdapter class,<br />414<br />uplevel setting, ClientTarget attribute,<br />134<br />uploading files, 576<br />URLs (Uniform Resource Locators)<br />generating dynamically, 457, 491<br />validation using RegExps, 157<br />usability and postback, 292<br />user controls, 625<br />datetime.ascx, 632<br />dynamic possibilities of, 630<br />loading programmatically, 636<br />nav.ascx, 627<br />properties and methods, 630<br />server-side includes and, 39, 631<br />UserControlsLoadingProgrammatically/<br />nav.ascx, 638<br />UserControlsLoadingProgrammatically/<br />navadmin.ascx, 636<br />UserControlsLoadingProgrammatically/<br />sample.ascx, 641<br />UserControlsMethods/Display-<br />Name.ascx, 634<br />743 Order the print version of this book to get all 700+ pages!<br />UserControlsProperties/datetime.ascx,<br />631<br />UserControlsProperties/sample.ascx,<br />632<br />user interaction, responding to, 254<br />user names<br />database storage, 542<br />storing within Web.config, 540<br />user sessions, 446<br />V<br />validation<br />always performed server-side, 134<br />client-side and server-side, 131<br />disabling client-side, 134<br />validation controls, 131, 135<br />adding to DataGrids with templates,<br />333<br />effect on page layout, 148<br />full list, 715–720<br />validation of logins (see authentication)<br />ValidationExpression property, RegularExpressionValidator,<br />154<br />ValidationSummary control, 149, 718<br /><value-of> tag, XSLT, 602<br />variable declarations, 55<br />arrays, 58<br />variables, 54<br />accepted by PayPal, 488<br />application variables, 424<br />Boolean, 475<br />incrementing counters, 69<br />initialization, 55<br />session variables, 446, 671, 675<br />usefulness of global variables, 341<br />viewing values in Debugger, 529<br />VB.NET<br />compared to Visual Basic, 44<br />data types, 56<br />FirstPage.aspx example in, 25<br />operators, 64<br />VBScript, VB.NET as successor to, 44<br />video library XML illustration, 599<br />View Source feature, IE, 28<br />view state, 40<br />ViewDriveInfo() method, directory<br />listing example, 570<br />views, editing tables (see Access databases)<br />virtual directories, 14<br />configuring with the IIS console, 16<br />introduced, 13<br />Virtual Directory Creation Wizard, 15<br />virtual server-side includes, 39<br />virtual shopping carts (see shopping cart<br />applications)<br />Visible property, LinkButton control,<br />674<br />Visible property, Panel control, 484<br />shopping cart application, 469, 471<br />VisibleDate property, Calendar control,<br />614<br />Visual Basic<br />VB.NET compared to, 44<br />Visual Basic.NET (see VB.NET)<br />W<br />watches, creating when debugging, 529<br />Web applications<br />authentication and, 536<br />caching, 437<br />consuming a Web Service, 658<br />defined, 422<br />defining the Dorknozzle project as,<br />542<br />file locations, 12<br />linking to databases, 246<br />security, 531<br />stored procedures and performance,<br />299<br />Web controls, 98–99<br />applying CSS classes, 118, 128<br />Order the print version of this book to get all 700+ pages! 744<br />Index<br />basic Web controls, 100<br />data binding, 272<br />data display in response to, 254<br />formatting with CSS, 114<br />full list, 699–713<br />refreshing after database updates,<br />293<br />Web Data Administrator<br />Access data modelling and, 18<br />creating stored procedures, 299<br />creating tables, 172<br />creating the Dorknozzle database,<br />165<br />defining primary keys, 185<br />example database listing, 164<br />INSERT statements, 216<br />installing, 22<br />Query Editor, 203<br />UPDATE statements, 218<br />usefulness, 6<br />Web forms, 97<br />ASP.NET meaning, 98<br />Helpdesk request form, Dorknozzle,<br />127<br />master/detail forms, 316<br />survey form example, 94<br />Web Methods, 650<br />Web Service browser tool, 656, 663<br />Web Services<br />(see also example Web Services)<br />applications consuming, 658<br />browser display, 655<br />calculator example, 653<br />consuming the Company Events<br />service, 679<br />consuming third-party, 663<br />database access, 676<br />directories, 664<br />interoperability and, 645<br />locating a suitable service, 664<br />standards, 649, 652<br />Web.config file, 433<br />authentication information stored<br />in, 540<br />configuration errors and, 498<br />configuring Forms authentication,<br />537<br />configuring Forms authorization,<br />538<br />error information settings, 503<br />example, 436<br />introduced, 423<br />setting authentication modes, 533<br />WebControl class, 699, 715<br /><webmethod> / [WebMethod] tag,<br />655<br />WebUIValidation.js file, aspnet_client<br />folder, 133<br />WHERE clauses<br />embedded SELECTs, 241<br />HAVING compared to, 231<br />operators for, 225<br />RowFilter property resembles, 408<br />SELECT statements, 211<br />UPDATE statements, 280<br />While loops, 66<br />data display, 250<br />reading from text files, 565, 567<br />wildcard characters, 226<br />SQL queries, 212<br />Windows authentication, 532<br />Windows Explorer and ASP.NET pages,<br />13<br />worker process, ASP.NET, 523<br />write permissions, enabling, 561<br />WriteEntry() method, error logging example,<br />518<br />WriteLine() method, StreamWriter<br />class, 563<br />WriteText() method, 562<br />WSDL (Web Service Definition Language)<br />basis in XML, 650<br />browser tool view, 663<br />745 Order the print version of this book to get all 700+ pages!<br />consuming third-party Web Services,<br />663<br />role, 650<br />wsdl.exe utility, 658, 665, 678<br />X<br />XML<br />(see also Web Services)<br />AdRotator advertisement files as,<br />610<br />appearance in a browser, 600<br />further information on, 603<br />Web Services results format, 657<br />Web Services standards and, 650<br />XSLT and, introduced, 598<br />Xml control, 603, 713<br />XML markup and configuration errors,<br />498<br /><xsl: (see following term)<br />XSLT (Extensible Stylesheet Language<br />for Transformations), 600<br />titlesTransform.xsl, 600<br />titlesTransformAll.xsl, 606<br />Z<br />zero-based arrays, 58<br />ZIP code validation, 156<br />Order the print version of this book to get all 700+ pages! 746<br />Index<br />What’s Next?<br />If you’ve enjoyed these chapters from Build Your Own ASP.NET<br />Website Using C# & VB.NET, why not order yourself a copy?<br />In the rest of the book, you’ll learn how to put ASP.NET to full<br />use in a number of practical solutions. In particular, you’ll<br />discover how to use databases in conjunction with ASP.NET to<br />create dynamic Websites. And because instructions are provided<br />for Microsoft Access, SQL Server, and even Microsoft’s free<br />database, MSDE, you can work through the book no matter what<br />database software you have.<br />You’ll also gain access to the code archive download, so you can<br />try out all the examples without retyping. Just like in the book, all<br />examples in the code archive are offered in C# and VB.NET<br />varieties.<br />Here are just a few of the things you’ll learn to do:<br />􀂉 validate form input automatically<br />􀂉 set up a relational database for your dynamic Website<br />􀂉 create a database-driven employee directory<br />􀂉 design a slick Web interface to update the database<br />􀂉 build an online store, complete with shopping cart and<br />credit card processing<br />􀂉 control access to your site with a database of users<br />􀂉 consume and build your own XML Web Services<br />􀂉 And a whole lot more…<br />Order Now and Get it Delivered to your Doorstep! <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'> <span class='post-author vcard'> Posted by <span class='fn' itemprop='author' itemscope='itemscope' itemtype='http://schema.org/Person'> <meta content='https://www.blogger.com/profile/16343355882177485717' itemprop='url'/> <a class='g-profile' href='https://www.blogger.com/profile/16343355882177485717' rel='author' title='author profile'> <span itemprop='name'>pravin</span> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <meta content='http://itspravingodbole.blogspot.com/2007/05/asp-dot-net.html' itemprop='url'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='https://itspravingodbole.blogspot.com/2007/05/asp-dot-net.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'><abbr class='published' itemprop='datePublished' title='2007-05-15T05:18:00-07:00'>5:18 AM</abbr></a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-action'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/email-post.g?blogID=3118855886814420426&postID=3118372375967126706' title='Email Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='13' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_email.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-1126533182'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=3118855886814420426&postID=3118372375967126706&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <div class='post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> </div> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'> <span class='post-labels'> </span> </div> <div class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-3'> <span class='post-location'> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class='comments' id='comments'> <a name='comments'></a> <h4>34 comments:</h4> <div id='Blog1_comments-block-wrapper'> <dl class='avatar-comment-indent' id='comments-block'> <dt class='comment-author ' id='c1563157103207331150'> <a name='c1563157103207331150'></a> <div class="avatar-image-container avatar-stock"><span dir="ltr"><img src="//resources.blogblog.com/img/blank.gif" width="35" height="35" alt="" title="Anonymous"> </span></div> Anonymous said... </dt> <dd class='comment-body' id='Blog1_cmt-1563157103207331150'> <p> Hello !.<br />might , perhaps curious to know how one can make real money . <br />There is no initial capital needed You may commense to get income with as small sum of money as 20-100 dollars. <br /><br />AimTrust is what you haven`t ever dreamt of such a chance to become rich<br />The company incorporates an offshore structure with advanced asset management technologies in production and delivery of pipes for oil and gas. <br /><br />It is based in Panama with offices around the world.<br />Do you want to become an affluent person? <br />That`s your choice That`s what you desire!<br /><br />I feel good, I started to take up income with the help of this company, <br />and I invite you to do the same. 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class='comment-delete' href='https://www.blogger.com/delete-comment.g?blogID=3118855886814420426&postID=3428418843327497062' title='Delete Comment'> <img src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon_delete13.gif'/> </a> </span> </span> </dd> <dt class='comment-author ' id='c3422998238568113588'> <a name='c3422998238568113588'></a> <div class="avatar-image-container avatar-stock"><span dir="ltr"><img src="//resources.blogblog.com/img/blank.gif" width="35" height="35" alt="" title="Anonymous"> </span></div> Anonymous said... </dt> <dd class='comment-body' id='Blog1_cmt-3422998238568113588'> <p> Homeowners be experiencing this huge utility of taking a excuses at desired enervated cost. 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